1. MARKET INTRODUCTION 1.1 Market Definition 22 1.2 Objective of the Study 22 1.3 Limitation 22 1.4 Stakeholders 23 1.5 Currency used in the Report 23 1.6 Scope of the Global Robo-taxi Market Study 23 2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 24 2.1 Research Methodology for Global Robo-taxi Market Study 24 2.1.1 Main objective of the Global Robo-taxi Market Study 25 3. ROBO-TAXI COST ANALYSIS 26 3.1 General Overview 26 3.1.1 Autonomous Vehicle Operational Models Compared 27 3.1.2 Ownership and Operating Costs 27 3.1.3 Overlooked Cost 28 3.1.4 Cost structures 30 4. ROBO-TAXI: IMPACT ON USER TRUST AND WILLINGNESS TO USE 32 4.1 General Overview 32 5. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 36 5.1 Robo-taxi: A potential game changer for urban mobility 36 6. INDUSTRY PERFORMANCE 39 7. MARKET OVERVIEW 41 7.1 Introduction of Robo-taxi 41 7.1.1 Robo-taxi’s Disruptive Potential Across Automotive Megatrends 41 7.1.2 Future Deployment Model of Robo-taxi 41 7.2 Overview of Autonomous Vehicle Technology 42 7.2.1 Layers of autonomy 43 7.2.2 Milestone for Autonomous Vehicle 2018 43 7.2.3 Estimate on Adoption of Autonomous vehicle and Key Future Milestones 44 7.2.4 Innovation Deployment Patterns 44 7.2.5 Deployment Predictions 45 7.2.6 Travel Impacts of Autonomous Vehicle 46 7.2.7 Key Autonomous Vehicle Planning Issues 48 7.2.8 Key Autonomous Vehicle Planning Issues 50 7.2.9 Autonomous Taxi Service Impacts 52 7.2.10 Advantage & Disadvantage of Autonomous Vehicle 53 7.2.11 Impact of Autonomous Vehicle on Different Industries 53 7.3 Market Dynamics 54 7.3.1 Market Trend & Drivers 54 7.3.1.1 Deployment of Autonomous Vehicles 54 7.3.1.1.1 Increasing race 55 7.3.1.1.2 The race to autonomy 55 7.3.1.2 Rising demand for Fuel-efficient and Emission-Free vehicles 56 7.3.1.3 Safety Concern and Better Traffic Control 58 7.3.2 Market Restraints 59 7.3.2.1 Autonomous Vehicles May Reduce the Need of Human Interventions 59 7.3.2.2 High Cost of Implementation 60 7.3.2.3 Threat from Hackers 61 7.3.3 Market Opportunities 61 7.3.3.1 Increasing Support from Governments and Key Players 61 7.3.3.2 Robotic Assistance in Autonomous Vehicle 62 7.3.3.3 Increasing Demand for Ride-Hailing Services 63 7.3.3.4 Rapid Urbanization to Develop Better Infrastructure 64 7.3.3.4.1 Some Key Facts on Urbanization 66 8. KEY MARKET INDICATORS 67 8.1 Demand and Supply Side Analysis 67 8.1.1.1 The Impacts of Increasing Vehicle Automation 67 8.1.1.2 A Dynamic Model of Demand for Driving with AVs 68 8.1.1.2.1 Feedbacks Governing Demand for Driving 69 8.1.1.2.2 The Introduction of AVs 70 8.1.2 SWOT Analysis of Autonomous Vehicles 71 8.1.3 Value Chain Analysis of Autonomous Vehicles (Robo-taxi) 72 9. MARKET INSIGHST BY COMPONENT 73 9.1 General Overview 73 9.1.1 Camera 74 9.1.2 LiDAR 76 9.1.3 Radar 78 9.1.3.1 Short-range radio applications include: 78 9.1.4 Ultrasonic Sensors 80 10. MARKET INSIGHT BY LEVEL OF AUTONOMY 81 10.1 General Overview 81 10.1.1 Level 4 83 10.1.2 Level 5 84 11. MARKET INSIGHT BY PROPULSION 85 11.1 General Overview 85 11.1.1 Electric Robo-taxi 86 11.1.2 Hybrid Robo-taxi 87 11.1.2.1 Developments by key players help in boosting the Hybrid Robo-taxi Market 87 11.1.3 Fuel Cell Robo-taxi 88 12. MARKET INSIGHT BY VEHICLE TYPE 90 12.1 General Overview 90 12.1.1 Passenger Car 91 12.1.2 Shuttle 92 12.1.3 Goods Carrier Vans 93 13. MARKET INSIGHT BY APPLICATION 95 13.1 General Overview 95 13.1.1 Passenger Carrier 96 13.1.2 Goods Vehicle 96 14. MARKET INSIGHT BY REGION 98 14.1 General Overview 98 14.2 North America Robo-taxi Market Insight 100 14.2.1 North America Robo-taxi Market by Level of Autonomy 101 14.2.2 North America Robo-taxi Market by Propulsion 101 14.2.3 North America Robo-taxi Market by Vehicle Type 102 14.2.4 North America Robo-taxi Market by Application 102 14.2.5 North America Robo-taxi Market by Country 102 14.2.6 United States 103 14.2.6.1 Regulatory Overview 104 14.2.6.1.1 The NHTSA’s 2016 Federal automated vehicles policy 104 14.2.6.1.2 Vehicle Performance Guidance for Automated Vehicles 104 14.2.6.1.3 Model state policy 105 14.2.6.1.4 NHTSA’s current regulatory tools 106 14.2.6.1.5 New Tools and Authorities 107 14.2.6.2 US Robo-taxi Services Market 108 14.2.6.3 US Robo-taxi Market by Level of Autonomy 108 14.2.6.4 US Robo-taxi Market by Propulsion 108 14.2.6.5 US Robo-taxi Market by Vehicle Type 109 14.2.6.6 US Robo-taxi Market by Application 109 14.2.7 Canada 109 14.2.7.1 Regulatory Overview 110 14.2.7.1.1 Roles and Responsibilities of Each Level of Government 110 14.2.7.1.2 Trial Guidelines 112 14.2.7.2 Canada Robo-taxi Market by Level of Autonomy 117 14.2.7.3 Canada Robo-taxi Market by Propulsion 118 14.2.7.4 Canada Robo-taxi Market by Vehicle Type 118 14.2.7.5 Canada Robo-taxi Market by Application 118 14.3 Europe Robo-taxi Market Insight 119 14.3.1 Future ACES trends for European Automotive Industry 119 14.3.2 Europe Robo-taxi Market by Level of Autonomy 120 14.3.3 Europe Robo-taxi Market by Propulsion 120 14.3.4 Europe Robo-taxi Market by Vehicle Type 121 14.3.5 Europe Robo-taxi Market by Application 121 14.3.6 Europe Robo-taxi Market by Country 121 14.3.7 Germany 122 14.3.7.1 Regulatory Overview 123 14.3.7.1.1 Guidelines Summary 124 14.3.7.1.2 Overall impact 125 14.3.7.2 Germany Robo-taxi Services Market 125 14.3.7.3 Germany Robo-taxi Market by Level of Autonomy 125 14.3.7.4 Germany Robo-taxi Market by Propulsion 126 14.3.7.5 Germany Robo-taxi Market by Vehicle Type 126 14.3.7.6 Germany Robo-taxi Market by Application 126 14.3.8 France 127 14.3.8.1 Regulatory Overview 128 14.3.8.1.1 Product Safety 128 14.3.8.1.2 Product Liability 129 14.3.8.1.3 Risks of Cyber-Attacks 130 14.3.8.1.4 Commission report on the Directive and Expert Group 130 14.3.8.1.5 Badinter Law in case of road traffic accidents 130 14.3.8.1.6 Two Key Takeaways: 130 14.3.8.2 France Robo-taxi Services Market 131 14.3.8.3 France Robo-taxi Market by Level of Autonomy 133 14.3.8.4 France Robo-taxi Market by Propulsion 133 14.3.8.5 France Robo-taxi Market by Vehicle Type 133 14.3.8.6 France Robo-taxi Market by Application 134 14.3.9 Spain 134 14.3.9.1 Regulatory Overview 135 14.3.9.2 Spain Robo-taxi Market by Level of Autonomy 135 14.3.9.3 Spain Robo-taxi Market by Propulsion 136 14.3.9.4 Spain Robo-taxi Market by Vehicle Type 136 14.3.9.5 Spain Robo-taxi Market by Application 136 14.3.10 Sweden 137 14.3.10.1 Regulatory Overview 138 14.3.10.1.1 Trial operations and new legal framework 138 14.3.10.2 Sweden Robo-taxi Market by Level of Autonomy 139 14.3.10.3 Sweden Robo-taxi Market by Propulsion 139 14.3.10.4 Sweden Robo-taxi Market by Vehicle Type 140 14.3.10.5 Sweden Robo-taxi Market by Application 140 14.3.11 United Kingdom 140 14.3.11.1 Status of Autonomous and connected vehicles in UK 142 14.3.11.2 Regulatory Overview 143 14.3.11.2.1 Key concepts being proposed include: 143 14.3.11.3 UK Robo-taxi Services Market 144 14.3.11.4 UK Robo-taxi Market by Level of Autonomy 144 14.3.11.5 UK Robo-taxi Market by Propulsion 144 14.3.11.6 UK Robo-taxi Market by Vehicle Type 145 14.3.11.7 UK Robo-taxi Market by Application 145 14.3.12 Netherlands 145 14.3.12.1.1 The ambitions of the Netherlands for Autonomous Vehicle 146 14.3.12.1.2 Netherlands innovative mobility solutions 146 14.3.12.2 Regulatory Overview 146 14.3.12.2.1 Autonomous Transportation Core Topic for Policy on Traffic 146 14.3.12.3 Netherlands Robo-taxi Market by Level of Autonomy 147 14.3.12.4 Netherlands Robo-taxi Market by Propulsion 147 14.3.12.5 Netherlands Robo-taxi Market by Vehicle Type 148 14.3.12.6 Netherlands Robo-taxi Market by Application 148 14.4 Asia-Pacific Robo-taxi Market Insight 149 14.4.1 Asia-Pacific Robo-taxi Market by Level of Autonomy 150 14.4.2 Asia-Pacific Robo-taxi Market by Propulsion 150 14.4.3 Asia-Pacific Robo-taxi Market by Vehicle Type 150 14.4.4 Asia-Pacific Robo-taxi Market by Application 151 14.4.5 Asia-Pacific Robo-taxi Market by Country 151 14.4.6 China 151 14.4.6.1 Fundamentally Transforming Mobility 152 14.4.6.2 Key facts on Chinese Autonomous Vehicle and Ride-Sharing Cars, Buses, Taxis 153 14.4.6.3 Regulatory Overview 154 14.4.6.3.1 National mandatory technical standards and regulations 155 14.4.6.4 China Robo-taxi Services Market 156 14.4.6.5 China Robo-taxi Market by Level of Autonomy 156 14.4.6.6 China Robo-taxi Market by Propulsion 156 14.4.6.7 China Robo-taxi Market by Vehicle Type 157 14.4.6.8 China Robo-taxi Market by Application 157 14.4.7 India 157 14.4.7.1 Key Market Insights on Indian Ride Hailing Service, 2019 158 14.4.7.2 List of Indian Innovators in self-driving technology 159 14.4.7.3 Challenges for Autonomous Vehicle in India 161 14.4.7.4 Regulatory Overview 161 14.4.7.5 India Robo-taxi Market by Level of Autonomy 162 14.4.7.6 India Robo-taxi Market by Propulsion 162 14.4.7.7 India Robo-taxi Market by Vehicle Type 163 14.4.7.8 India Robo-taxi Market by Application 163 14.4.8 Japan 163 14.4.8.1 Fragmented Competition in the Local Taxi Market 165 14.4.8.2 Key Market Insights on Indian Ride Hailing Service, 2019 165 14.4.8.3 Insights/Quotes on Autonomous driving by Japanese Automakers 166 14.4.8.4 Regulatory Overview 166 14.4.8.4.1 Connected vehicles 167 14.4.8.4.2 Car/ride sharing 168 14.4.8.5 Japan Robo-taxi Services Market 168 14.4.8.6 Japan Robo-taxi Market by Level of Autonomy 169 14.4.8.7 Japan Robo-taxi Market by Propulsion 169 14.4.8.8 Japan Robo-taxi Market by Vehicle Type 169 14.4.8.9 Japan Robo-taxi Market by Application 170 14.4.9 Singapore 170 14.4.9.1 Autonomous Vehicles trials in Singapore 171 14.4.9.2 Regulatory Overview 172 14.4.9.2.1 Trial Operations and New Legal Framework 172 14.4.9.3 Singapore Robo-taxi Market by Level of Autonomy 173 14.4.9.4 Singapore Robo-taxi Market by Propulsion 174 14.4.9.5 Singapore Robo-taxi Market by Vehicle Type 174 14.4.9.6 Singapore Robo-taxi Market by Application 174 14.5 Rest of World Market Insight 175 14.5.1 Transforming Dubai to Autonomous Mode of Transportation by 2030 175 14.5.2 Key Facts on Driverless Vehicle in Brazil 176 14.5.2.1 ROW Robo-taxi Services Market 176 14.5.2.2 ROW Robo-taxi Market by Level of Autonomy 177 14.5.2.3 ROW Robo-taxi Market by Propulsion 177 14.5.2.4 ROW Robo-taxi Market by Vehicle Type 177 14.5.2.5 ROW Robo-taxi Market by Application 178 15. KEY PLAYERS INITIATIVES FOR AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE AND ROBO-TAXI 179 15.1 Key Players Collaborations, Partnerships and Future Plans 179 15.1.1 General Motors Rumours of Self-Driving by 2018 179 15.1.2 Ford True Self-Driving by 2021 179 15.1.3 Honda Self-Driving on the Highway by 2020 179 15.1.4 Toyota Self-Driving on the Highway by 2020 180 15.1.5 Renault-Nissan 2020 for Autonomous Cars in Urban Conditions, 2025 for Truly Driverless Cars 180 15.1.6 Volvo Self-Driving on the Highway by 2021 180 15.1.7 Hyundai Highway 2020, Urban Driving 2030 180 15.1.8 Daimler Nearly Fully Autonomous by Early 2020’s 181 15.1.9 Fiat-Chrysler expects there self-driving cars on the road by 2021 181 15.1.10 BMW – Fully self-driving possible by 2021 181 15.1.11 Tesla Autonomous Vehicle by End of 2019 182 15.2 Autonomous Vehicle Evolving Scenario on Public Roads 182 15.2.1 Aptiv 182 15.2.2 Aurora 182 15.2.3 Drive.ai 183 15.2.4 Nuro 183 15.2.5 Uber 183 15.2.6 Waymo 183 15.2.7 Zoox 183 15.3 News Releases of Key Players under Autonomous Vehicle 184 15.3.1 Amazon Experimenting with Autonomous Package Delivery 184 15.3.1.1 Top initiatives 184 15.3.1.1.1 Detailed Overview of Amazon on Autonomous Vehicle 184 15.3.2 Apple Starting to catch up on Autonomous Vehicle 184 15.3.2.1 Top initiatives 184 15.3.2.1.1 Detailed Overview of Apple on Autonomous Vehicle 185 15.3.3 Aptiv Hits the Road for Testing Autonomous Vehicle 185 15.3.3.1 Top initiatives: 185 15.3.3.1.1 Detailed Overview of Aptiv on Autonomous Vehicle: 185 15.3.4 Audi unveils its Autonomous A8 186 15.3.4.1 Top initiatives: 186 15.3.4.1.1 Detailed Overview of Audi on Autonomous Vehicle: 186 15.3.5 Autoliv and Volvo Cars establish Zenuity 187 15.3.5.1 Top initiatives: 187 15.3.5.1.1 Detailed Overview of Autoliv and Volvo on Autonomous Vehicle: 187 15.3.6 Baidu plans Autonomous car Spinoff, Mass Production 188 15.3.6.1 Top initiatives: 188 15.3.6.1.1 Detailed Overview of Baidu on Autonomous Vehicle: 188 15.3.7 BMW-Intel-Mobileye Alliance Forges Ahead 188 15.3.7.1 Top initiatives: 188 15.3.7.1.1 Detailed Overview of BMW on Autonomous Vehicle: 188 15.3.8 Bosch & Mercedes join forces for Drive Assist Technology 189 15.3.8.1 Top initiatives: 189 15.3.8.1.1 Detailed Overview of Bosch & Mercedes on Autonomous Vehicle: 189 15.3.9 Cisco works on building the data layer of the self-driving car movement 189 15.3.9.1 Top initiatives: 189 15.3.9.1.1 Detailed Overview of Cisco on Autonomous Vehicle: 190 15.3.10 Continental AG takes an incremental approach 190 15.3.10.1 Top initiatives: 190 15.3.10.1.1 Detailed Overview of Continental AG on Autonomous Vehicle: 190 15.3.11 DAF, Daimler, Iveco, MAN, Scania, and Volvo complete truck ‘platooning’ trip 191 15.3.11.1 Top initiatives: 191 15.3.11.1.1 Detailed Overview of DAF, Daimler etc. on Autonomous Vehicle: 191 15.3.12 Didi Chuxing hires Uber, Waymo engineers for its AI lab 191 15.3.12.1 Top initiatives: 191 15.3.12.1.1 Detailed Overview of Didi on Autonomous Vehicle: 192 15.3.13 Ford taps private markets for self-driving, partners with Domino’s & Postmates 192 15.3.13.1 Top initiatives: 192 15.3.13.1.1 Detailed Overview of Ford on Autonomous Vehicle: 192 15.3.14 GM, Lyft aim to deploy thousands of self-driving test cars in 2018 193 15.3.14.1 Top Initiatives: 193 15.3.14.1.1 Detailed Overview of GM, Lyft on Autonomous Vehicle: 193 15.3.15 Honda also testing autonomous cars, offering semi-autonomous features in Civic 193 15.3.15.1 Top initiatives: 193 15.3.15.1.1 Detailed Overview of Honda on Autonomous Vehicle: 194 15.3.16 Huawei autonomous R&D team tops 200, tests smartphone road-recognition tech at Mobile World Congress 2018 194 15.3.16.1 Top initiatives: 194 15.3.16.1.1 Detailed Overview of Huawai on Autonomous Vehicle: 194 15.3.17 Hyundai focuses on affordable driver-assistance technology, aims to release self-driving SUV in 2025 195 15.3.17.1 Top initiatives: 195 15.3.17.1.1 Detailed Overview of Hyundai on Autonomous Vehicle: 195 15.3.18 Jaguar Land Rover focuses on drive assist, partners with Waymo to build self-driving cars 195 15.3.18.1 Top initiatives: 195 15.3.18.1.1 Detailed Overview of Jaguar Land Rover on Autonomous Vehicle: 196 15.3.19 Magna also pursues Lidar, autonomous tech 196 15.3.20 Microsoft pursues collaborative strategy with automakers, offers Azure cloud to start-ups 196 15.3.20.1 Top initiatives: 196 15.3.20.1.1 Detailed Overview of Microsoft on Autonomous Vehicle: 196 15.3.21 Nissan/Renault tests self-driving taxis, promises ‘significant autonomous functionality’ by 2020 197 15.3.21.1 Top initiatives: 197 15.3.21.1.1 Detailed Overview of Nissan/Renault on Autonomous Vehicle: 197 15.3.22 Nvidia, Paccar working on Autonomous Trucks 198 15.3.22.1 Top initiatives: 198 15.3.22.1.1 Detailed Overview of Nvidia on Autonomous Vehicle: 198 15.3.23 Samsung enters the driverless race; tests driver assists technologies on roads 198 15.3.23.1 Top initiatives: 198 15.3.23.1.1 Detailed Overview of Samsung on Autonomous Vehicle: 198 15.3.24 SoftBank’s SB Drive venture pushes forward 199 15.3.25 PSA Groupe finds start-up partner 199 15.3.25.1 Top initiatives: 199 15.3.25.1.1 Detailed Overview of PSA Groupe on Autonomous Vehicle: 199 15.3.26 Tata Elixsi showcases valet system and focuses on autonomous vehicle security 199 15.3.27 Tesla got an early lead but struggles to meet expectations, feuds with NTSB 200 15.3.27.1 Top initiatives: 200 15.3.27.1.1 Detailed Overview of Tesla on Autonomous Vehicle: 200 15.3.28 Toyota develops “Guardian Angel” approach to autonomy, invests $2.8 billion 201 15.3.28.1 Top initiatives: 201 15.3.28.1.1 Detailed Overview of Toyota on Autonomous Vehicle: 201 15.3.29 Uber program bogged down in controversy, with its future in doubt after fatal crash 201 15.3.29.1 Top initiatives: 201 15.3.29.1.1 Detailed Overview of Uber on Autonomous Vehicle: 202 15.3.30 Valeo shows off autonomous driving tech at CES 2018 202 15.3.30.1 Top initiatives: 202 15.3.30.1.1 Detailed Overview of Valeo on Autonomous Vehicle: 202 15.3.31 Volkswagen pushes autonomous vehicle concepts as it tries to move past emissions scandal 203 15.3.31.1 Top initiatives: 203 15.3.31.1.1 Detailed Overview of Volkswagen on Autonomous Vehicle: 203 15.3.32 Waymo (Alphabet) readying FCA vehicles for public trial in Arizona 204 15.3.32.1 Top initiatives: 204 15.3.32.1.1 Detailed Overview of Volkswagen on Autonomous Vehicle: 204 15.3.33 Yutong has successfully tested driverless buses 204 15.3.34 ZF, Nvidia, Baidu partnering to build an autonomous car for china 205 15.3.34.1 Top initiatives: 205 15.3.34.1.1 Detailed Overview of ZF, Nvidia and Baidu on Autonomous Vehicle: 205 16. COMPETITIVE SCENARIO 206 16.1 Operator Comparison 206 16.1.1 Current and Forecast Market Size for Top 5 Ride Sharing Market Worldwide 207 16.1.2 Top Ride-hailing Service Providers, by Number of Completed Rides 2017 207 16.2 Porter’s Five forces analysis 208 16.2.1 Bargaining Power of Suppliers 208 16.2.2 Bargaining Power of Buyers 209 16.2.3 Threat of New Entrants 209 16.2.4 Threat of Substitutes 209 16.2.5 Industry Rivalry 210 17. TOP COMPANY PROFILES 211 17.1 Waymo 211 17.1.1 Key Facts 211 17.1.2 Business Description 211 17.1.3 Growth Strategy 211 17.1.4 Swot Analysis 212 17.1.5 Recent Development 212 17.1.5.1 Product launches 212 17.1.5.2 Strategic Alliance 213 17.1.5.3 Business Expansion 213 17.2 Daimler AG 214 17.2.1 Key Facts 214 17.2.2 Business Description 214 17.2.3 Overview of Mobility Service 215 17.2.4 Products and Service Offerings 216 17.2.5 Growth Strategy 216 17.2.6 Swot Analysis 216 17.2.7 Key Financials 217 17.2.8 Revenue Split 218 17.2.9 Research and Development Expenditure, by Business 218 17.2.10 Recent Development 218 17.2.10.1 Product Launches 218 17.2.10.2 Strategic Alliance 219 17.3 GM Cruise LLC 220 17.3.1 Key Facts 220 17.3.2 Business Description 220 17.3.3 Products and Service Offerings 220 17.3.4 Growth Strategy 221 17.3.5 Swot Analysis 221 17.3.6 Recent Development 222 17.3.6.1 Business Expansion 222 17.4 Volvo Cars 223 17.4.1 Key Facts 223 17.4.2 Business Description 223 17.4.3 2018 Highlight of Volvo Cars 223 17.4.4 Products and Service Offerings 224 17.4.5 Growth Strategy 224 17.4.6 Volvo Cars in Figures 225 17.4.7 SWOT Analysis 225 17.4.8 Key Financials 226 17.4.9 Revenue Split 227 17.4.10 Recent Development 227 17.4.10.1 Business Expansion 227 17.5 Nissan Motor Corporation 229 17.5.1 Key Facts 229 17.5.2 Business Description 229 17.5.3 Products and Service Offerings 230 17.5.4 Growth Strategy 230 17.5.5 Nissan Motor Corporation- Path to 2022 231 17.5.6 Swot Analysis 232 17.5.7 Key Financials 233 17.5.8 Recent Development 234 17.5.8.1 Product Launch 234 17.5.8.2 Business Expansion 234 17.6 Tesla Inc. 236 17.6.1 Key Facts 236 17.6.2 Business Description 236 17.6.3 Tesla Plans for Robo-taxi Service 237 17.6.4 Products and Service Offerings 237 17.6.5 Growth Strategy 238 17.6.6 Swot Analysis 238 17.6.7 Key Financials 239 17.6.8 Revenue Split 240 17.6.9 Recent Development 240 17.6.9.1 Product Launches 240 17.6.9.2 Business Expansion 241 17.7 Hyundai Motor Corporation 242 17.7.1 Key Facts 242 17.7.2 Business Description 242 17.7.3 Products and Service Offerings 242 17.7.4 Growth Strategy 243 17.7.5 Swot Analysis 244 17.7.6 Key Financials 245 17.7.7 Revenue Split 246 17.7.8 Recent Development 246 17.7.8.1 Product Launches 246 17.7.8.2 Strategic Alliance 246 17.8 Toyota Motor Corporation 248 17.8.1 Key Facts 248 17.8.2 Business Description 248 17.8.3 Products and Service Offerings 249 17.8.4 Growth Strategy 249 17.8.5 Swot Analysis 250 17.8.6 Key Financials 251 17.8.7 Revenue Split 252 17.8.8 Recent Development 252 17.8.8.1 Business Expansion 252 17.9 Volkswagen 254 17.9.1 Key Facts 254 17.9.2 Business Description 254 17.9.3 Products and Service Offerings 255 17.9.4 Growth Strategy 255 17.9.5 Future Plans of the Company 256 17.9.6 Swot Analysis 256 17.9.7 Key Financials 257 17.9.8 Revenue Split 258 17.9.9 Recent Development 258 17.9.9.1 Business Expansion 258 17.10 Bayerische Motoren Werke AG (BMW) 260 17.10.1 Key Facts 260 17.10.2 Business Description 260 17.10.3 Products and Service Offerings 261 17.10.4 Growth Strategy 261 17.10.5 Swot Analysis 262 17.10.6 Key Financials 263 17.10.7 Revenue Split 264 17.10.8 Recent Development 264 17.10.8.1 Business Expansion 264

FIG. 1 Scope of the Global Robo-taxi Market Study 23 FIG. 2 Research Methodology for the Global Robo-taxi Market Study 24 FIG. 3 Cost Comparison of Autonomous Vehicle and Human-Driven Vehicle (per vehicle mile) Trends 29 FIG. 4 Cost Comparison (Dollars per Mile) 29 FIG. 5 Cost Comparison with and without Automation for Private vehicles and Taxi Fleet vehicles 30 FIG. 6 Model split comparison of all scenarios 32 FIG. 7 Robo-taxi service and user related relative changes 33 FIG. 8 Hourly Robo-taxi in-service rate 34 FIG. 9 Robo-taxi Market Share 2018 37 FIG. 10 Global Robo-taxi Market Size by Volume, 2018-2025 38 FIG. 11 Global Robo-taxi Service Market Size by Value, 2020-2025 38 FIG. 12 Future Deployment Model of Robo-taxi Service 42 FIG. 13 Level of vehicle Autonomy 43 FIG. 14 Milestone for Autonomous Vehicle 2018 43 FIG. 15 Estimate Adoption of Autonomous Vehicle and Key Milestones 44 FIG. 16 Innovation S-Curve of Autonomous Vehicle Technology 45 FIG. 17 Autonomous Vehicle Planning Implications 49 FIG. 18 Planning Implications of Autonomous Vehicles 52 FIG. 19 Autonomous Vehicle Miles per Disengagement 55 FIG. 20 Global Top 10 CO2 Emitter 56 FIG. 21 Transport CO2 Emissions by Region 57 FIG. 22 Country with highest Car Accident Deaths 2018 58 FIG. 23 Jobs at Risk from Autonomous Vehicles in Australia 60 FIG. 24 Current and Forecast Market Size for Top 5 Ride Sharing Market Worldwide 63 FIG. 25 Top Ride-hailing Service Providers, by Number of Completed Rides 2017 64 FIG. 26 Share of the Urban Population Worldwide 65 FIG. 27 Global Most Urbanized Regions, 2018 (%) 66 FIG. 28 The key feedbacks governing travel demand 69 FIG. 29 The effects of AVs and AV policies 70 FIG. 30 Robo-taxi Market SWOT Analysis 71 FIG. 31 Robo-taxi Value Chain 72 FIG. 32 Functional Architecture for the Autonomous Vehicle 73 FIG. 33 Overview of the Camera Systems across Different Class 74 FIG. 34 Centralized Image Processing 75 FIG. 35 Two-stage system approach 76 FIG. 36 Principle of a lidar distance measurement 78 FIG. 37 Raw Data Radar Sensor 79 FIG. 38 The 5 Levels of Driving Automation 82 FIG. 39 Global Robo-taxi Market Share by Level of Autonomy 2018-2025 (%) 82 FIG. 40 Global Light Duty Vehicle Propulsion Technology Market Penetration 2015-2030 85 FIG. 41 Global Robo-taxi Market Share by Propulsion 2018-2025 (%) 86 FIG. 42 Gross Profit from a Single Robo-taxi, Example of Tesla Robo-taxi 90 FIG. 43 Global Robo-taxi Market Share by Vehicle Type 2018-2025 (%) 91 FIG. 44 Global Robo-taxi Market Share by Application 2018-2025 (%) 95 FIG. 45 Example of Robo-taxi Carrying Goods 97 FIG. 46 Willingness to use Robo-taxis among all consumers 98 FIG. 47 Awareness of Car and Ride Sharing Across Key Markets 99 FIG. 48 Global Robo-taxi Market Share by Region 2018-2025 (%) 100 FIG. 49 Robo-taxis Could Replace Traditional Taxis and Cars in Megacities (New York City Case Study) 103 FIG. 50 Guidance Overview for Operational Design Domain 105 FIG. 51 US Robo-taxi Services Market Size 2020-2025 (Unit Billion) 108 FIG. 52 Canada Current and Forecast Ride-Hailing Users and User Penetration 110 FIG. 53 ACES trends Shaping the Future of European Automotive Sector 119 FIG. 54 Share of iPhone Users Using at Least One Major Ridesharing App/Taxi, Germany (%) 2015 122 FIG. 55 Automated Vehicles Related Patents Per capita Score by Country (Top 5) 123 FIG. 56 Germany Robo-taxi Services Market Size 2020-2025 (Unit Billion) 125 FIG. 57 AV Related industry Partnerships Score by Country (6th – 10th) 127 FIG. 58 France Robo-taxi Services Market Size 2020-2025 (Unit Billion) 131 FIG. 59 Autonomous Shuttle Timeframe Sweden 138 FIG. 60 Consumer adoption of online ride-hailing apps — score by country (top 5) 142 FIG. 61 UK Robo-taxi Services Market Size 2020-2025 (Unit Billion) 144 FIG. 62 Consumer adoption of online ride-hailing apps score by country (top 5) 146 FIG. 63 Key Facts about Traffic issues in Major Asian Cities 149 FIG. 64 Passenger Adaption Rate (%) for Mobility Services, China (2018) 153 FIG. 65 China Robo-taxi Services Market Size 2020-2025 (Unit Billion) 156 FIG. 66 India Cab Operators Market Share (%) in 2017 158 FIG. 67 Consumer Preference of Autonomous Vehicle, by Country/Region 161 FIG. 68 Distribution of National Taxi Fleet by Operators, Japan 2017 165 FIG. 69 Establishment of Autonomous Vehicle and it associated Benefits 166 FIG. 70 Japan Robo-taxi Services Market Size 2020-2025 (Unit Billion) 168 FIG. 71 Autonomous Vehicle Department within Government Score by Country 172 FIG. 72 ROW Robo-taxi Services Market Size 2020-2025 (Unit Billion) 176 FIG. 73 Uber vs Lyft vs Grab vs Didi Chuxing 206 FIG. 74 Current and Forecast Market Size for Top 5 Ride Sharing Market Worldwide 207 FIG. 75 Top Ride-hailing Service Providers, by Number of Completed Rides 2017 207 FIG. 76 Robo-taxi Market: Porter’s Five Forces Analysis 208 FIG. 77 SWOT Analysis 212 FIG. 78 SWOT Analysis 216 FIG. 79 Key Financials of Daimler 217 FIG. 80 Daimler Revenue Split, 2018 218 FIG. 81 SWOT Analysis 221 FIG. 82 2018 Achievements and 2025 Ambitions of Volvo Cars 225 FIG. 83 Volvo SWOT Analysis 225 FIG. 84 Key Financials of Volvo Cars 226 FIG. 85 Volvo Revenue Split, 2018 227 FIG. 86 Brands of Nissan 230 FIG. 87 2018 Achievements and 2025 Ambitions of Volvo 231 FIG. 88 Path to 2022: Sustainable Growth 231 FIG. 89 SWOT Analysis 232 FIG. 90 Key Financials of Nissan Motor Corporation 233 FIG. 91 Tesla Plans for Robo-taxi Service 237 FIG. 92 SWOT Analysis 238 FIG. 93 Key Financials of Tesla Inc. 239 FIG. 94 Tesla Revenue Split, 2018 240 FIG. 95 SWOT Analysis 244 FIG. 96 Key Financials of Hyundai Motor Corporation 245 FIG. 97 Hyundai Motor Corporation Revenue Split, 2018 246 FIG. 98 Toyota Global Vision 249 FIG. 99 Development Aimed at both Axes of Making Ever-better Cars and Shifting to New Business Models 250 FIG. 100 SWOT Analysis 250 FIG. 101 Key Financials of Tesla Inc. 251 FIG. 102 Toyota Revenue Split, 2018 252 FIG. 103 Volkswagen Brands 255 FIG. 104 SWOT Analysis 256 FIG. 105 Key Financials of Volkswagen 257 FIG. 106 Volkswagen Revenue Split, 2018 258 FIG. 107 BMW Brands 261 FIG. 108 SWOT Analysis 262 FIG. 109 Key Financials of BMW 263 FIG. 110 BMW Revenue Split, 2018 264TABLE 1 Autonomous vehicle Operational Models Compared 27 TABLE 2 Autonomous Vehicle Equipment and Service Requirements 27 TABLE 3 Comparison of Robo-taxi User Rate, by Socio-Professional Category 35 TABLE 4 Comparison of Traveller Attributes and Average Trip Distance, by Socio-Professional Category 35 TABLE 5 Autonomous Vehicle Implementation Projections 46 TABLE 6 Autonomous Vehicle Impacts on Total Vehicle Travel 47 TABLE 7 Personal Vs Shared Vehicles 48 TABLE 8 Autonomous Vehicle Impacts on Various Travel Demands 48 TABLE 9 Autonomous Vehicle Benefits 49 TABLE 10 Key Autonomous Vehicle Planning Issues 50 TABLE 11 Key Autonomous Vehicle Planning Needs and Requirements 51 TABLE 12 Advantage & Disadvantage of Autonomous vehicle 53 TABLE 13 Funding for Autonomous Vehicle, 2019 62 TABLE 14 Global Robo-taxi Market Size by Level of Autonomy 2018-2025 (Unit) 83 TABLE 15 Global Level 4 Robo-taxi Market Size by Region 2018-2025 (Unit) 83 TABLE 16 Global Level 5 Robo-taxi Market Size by Region 2018-2025 (Unit) 84 TABLE 17 Global Robo-taxi Market Size by Propulsion 2018-2025 (Unit) 86 TABLE 18 Global Electric Robo-taxi Market Size by Region 2018-2025 (Unit) 87 TABLE 19 Global Hybrid Robo-taxi Market Size by Region 2018-2025 (Unit) 88 TABLE 20 Comparison of Gasoline and Fuel Cell Vehicle Emissions 89 TABLE 21 Global Fuel Cell Robo-taxi Market Size by Region 2018-2025 (Unit) 89 TABLE 22 Global Robo-taxi Market Size by Vehicle Type 2018-2025 (Unit) 91 TABLE 23 Global Passenger car Robo-taxi Market Size by Region 2018-2025 (Unit) 92 TABLE 24 Global Shuttle Robo-taxi Market Size by Region 2018-2025 (Unit) 93 TABLE 25 Global Goods carrier van Robo-taxi Market Size by Region 2018-2025 (Unit) 94 TABLE 26 Global Robo-taxi Market Size by Application 2018-2025 (Unit) 95 TABLE 27 Global Passenger carrier Robo-taxi Market Size by Region 2018-2025 (Unit) 96 TABLE 28 Global Goods carrier Robo-taxi Market Size by Region 2018-2025 (Unit) 97 TABLE 29 Global Robo-taxi Market Size by Region 2018-2025 (Unit) 100 TABLE 30 North America Robo-taxi Market Size by Level of Autonomy 2018-2025 (Unit) 101 TABLE 31 North America Robo-taxi Market Size by Propulsion 2018-2025 (Unit) 101 TABLE 32 North America Robo-taxi Market Size by Vehicle Type 2018-2025 (Unit) 102 TABLE 33 North America Robo-taxi Market Size by Application 2018-2025 (Unit) 102 TABLE 34 North America Robo-taxi Market Size by Country 2018-2025 (Unit) 102 TABLE 35 US Robo-taxi Market Size by Level of Autonomy 2018-2025 (Unit) 108 TABLE 36 US Robo-taxi Market Size by Propulsion 2018-2025 (Unit) 108 TABLE 37 US Robo-taxi Market Size by Vehicle Type 2018-2025 (Unit) 109 TABLE 38 US Robo-taxi Market Size by Application 2018-2025 (Unit) 109 TABLE 39 Federal, Provincial/Territorial, and Municipal Responsibilities 111 TABLE 40 Canada Robo-taxi Market Size by Level of Autonomy 2018-2025 (Unit) 117 TABLE 41 Canada Robo-taxi Market Size by Propulsion 2018-2025 (Unit) 118 TABLE 42 Canada Robo-taxi Market Size by Vehicle Type 2018-2025 (Unit) 118 TABLE 43 Canada Robo-taxi Market Size by Application 2018-2025 (Unit) 118 TABLE 44 Example of Collaboration between OEM’s and Ride Hailing Companies, Europe 120 TABLE 45 Europe Robo-taxi Market Size by Level of Autonomy 2018-2025 (Unit) 120 TABLE 46 Europe Robo-taxi Market Size by Propulsion 2018-2025 (Unit) 120 TABLE 47 Europe Robo-taxi Market Size by Vehicle Type 2018-2025 (Unit) 121 TABLE 48 Europe Robo-taxi Market Size by Application 2018-2025 (Unit) 121 TABLE 49 Europe Robo-taxi Market Size by Country 2018-2025 (Unit) 121 TABLE 50 Germany Robo-taxi Market Size by Level of Autonomy 2018-2025 (Unit) 125 TABLE 51 Germany Robo-taxi Market Size by Propulsion 2018-2025 (Unit) 126 TABLE 52 Germany Robo-taxi Market Size by Vehicle Type 2018-2025 (Unit) 126 TABLE 53 Germany Robo-taxi Market Size by Application 2018-2025 (Unit) 126 TABLE 54 France Robo-taxi Market Size by Level of Autonomy 2018-2025 (Unit) 133 TABLE 55 France Robo-taxi Market Size by Propulsion 2018-2025 (Unit) 133 TABLE 56 France Robo-taxi Market Size by Vehicle Type 2018-2025 (Unit) 133 TABLE 57 France Robo-taxi Market Size by Application 2018-2025 (Unit) 134 TABLE 58 Spain Robo-taxi Market Size by Level of Autonomy 2018-2025 (Unit) 135 TABLE 59 Spain Robo-taxi Market Size by Propulsion 2018-2025 (Unit) 136 TABLE 60 Spain Robo-taxi Market Size by Vehicle Type 2018-2025 (Unit) 136 TABLE 61 Spain Robo-taxi Market Size by Application 2018-2025 (Unit) 136 TABLE 62 Sweden Robo-taxi Market Size by Level of Autonomy 2018-2025 (Unit) 139 TABLE 63 Sweden Robo-taxi Market Size by Propulsion 2018-2025 (Unit) 139 TABLE 64 Sweden Robo-taxi Market Size by Vehicle Type 2018-2025 (Unit) 140 TABLE 65 Sweden Robo-taxi Market Size by Application 2018-2025 (Unit) 140 TABLE 66 UK Government Actions on Driverless Vehicles 142 TABLE 67 Autonomous and Related Vehicle Technology Adoption in UK 143 TABLE 68 UK Robo-taxi Market Size by Level of Autonomy 2018-2025 (Unit) 144 TABLE 69 UK Robo-taxi Market Size by Propulsion 2018-2025 (Unit) 144 TABLE 70 UK Robo-taxi Market Size by Vehicle Type 2018-2025 (Unit) 145 TABLE 71 UK Robo-taxi Market Size by Application 2018-2025 (Unit) 145 TABLE 72 Netherlands Robo-taxi Market Size by Level of Autonomy 2018-2025 (Unit) 147 TABLE 73 Netherlands Robo-taxi Market Size by Propulsion 2018-2025 (Unit) 147 TABLE 74 Netherlands Robo-taxi Market Size by Vehicle Type 2018-2025 (Unit) 148 TABLE 75 Netherlands Robo-taxi Market Size by Application 2018-2025 (Unit) 148 TABLE 76 Asia-Pacific Robo-taxi Market Size by Level of Autonomy 2018-2025 (Unit) 150 TABLE 77 Asia-Pacific Robo-taxi Market Size by Propulsion 2018-2025 (Unit) 150 TABLE 78 Asia-Pacific Robo-taxi Market Size by Vehicle Type 2018-2025 (Unit) 150 TABLE 79 Asia-Pacific Robo-taxi Market Size by Application 2018-2025 (Unit) 151 TABLE 80 Asia-Pacific Robo-taxi Market Size by Country 2018-2025 (Unit) 151 TABLE 81 Companies Operating in Autonomous Vehicle in China 154 TABLE 82 List of the main laws and regulations relating to Intelligent Connected Vehicles 155 TABLE 83 China Robo-taxi Market Size by Level of Autonomy 2018-2025 (Unit) 156 TABLE 84 China Robo-taxi Market Size by Propulsion 2018-2025 (Unit) 156 TABLE 85 China Robo-taxi Market Size by Vehicle Type 2018-2025 (Unit) 157 TABLE 86 China Robo-taxi Market Size by Application 2018-2025 (Unit) 157 TABLE 87 List of Indian Innovators in self-driving technology 159 TABLE 88 India Robo-taxi Market Size by Level of Autonomy 2018-2025 (Unit) 162 TABLE 89 India Robo-taxi Market Size by Propulsion 2018-2025 (Unit) 162 TABLE 90 India Robo-taxi Market Size by Vehicle Type 2018-2025 (Unit) 163 TABLE 91 India Robo-taxi Market Size by Application 2018-2025 (Unit) 163 TABLE 92 Japan Robo-taxi Market Size by Level of Autonomy 2018-2025 (Unit) 169 TABLE 93 Japan Robo-taxi Market Size by Propulsion 2018-2025 (Unit) 169 TABLE 94 Japan Robo-taxi Market Size by Vehicle Type 2018-2025 (Unit) 169 TABLE 95 Japan Robo-taxi Market Size by Application 2018-2025 (Unit) 170 TABLE 96 Singapore Robo-taxi Market Size by Level of Autonomy 2018-2025 (Unit) 173 TABLE 97 Singapore Robo-taxi Market Size by Propulsion 2018-2025 (Unit) 174 TABLE 98 Singapore Robo-taxi Market Size by Vehicle Type 2018-2025 (Unit) 174 TABLE 99 Singapore Robo-taxi Market Size by Application 2018-2025 (Unit) 174 TABLE 100 ROW Robo-taxi Market Size by Level of Autonomy 2018-2025 (Unit) 177 TABLE 101 ROW Robo-taxi Market Size by Propulsion 2018-2025 (Unit) 177 TABLE 102 US Robo-taxi Market Size by Vehicle Type 2018-2025 (Unit) 177 TABLE 103 US Robo-taxi Market Size by Application 2018-2025 (Unit) 178 TABLE 104 Waymo Key Facts 211 TABLE 105 Waymo Growth Strategy 211 TABLE 106 Waymo Product Launch 212 TABLE 107 Waymo Strategic Alliance 213 TABLE 108 Waymo Business Expansion 213 TABLE 109 Daimler AG Key Facts 214 TABLE 110 Product segmentation of Daimler 216 TABLE 111 Daimler AG Growth Strategy 216 TABLE 112 Daimler Research and Development Expenditure, by Business, US$ Mn 218 TABLE 113 Daimler Product Launch 218 TABLE 114 Daimler Strategic Alliance 219 TABLE 115 GM Cruise Key Facts 220 TABLE 116 Product segmentation of GM Cruise 220 TABLE 117 GM Cruise Growth Strategy 221 TABLE 118 GM Cruise Business Expansion 222 TABLE 119 Volvo Key Facts 223 TABLE 120 Product segmentation of Volvo Cars 224 TABLE 121 Volvo Cars Growth Strategy 224 TABLE 122 Volvo Business Expansion 227 TABLE 123 Nissan Motor Corporation Key Facts 229 TABLE 124 Brands of Nissan Motor Corporation 230 TABLE 125 Nissan Motor Corporation Growth Strategy 230 TABLE 126 Nissan Product Launches 234 TABLE 127 Nissan Business Expansion 234 TABLE 128 Tesla Inc. Key Facts 236 TABLE 129 Product Segmentation of Tesla Inc. 237 TABLE 130 Tesla Inc. Growth Strategy 238 TABLE 131 Tesla Product Launches 240 TABLE 132 Tesla Business Expansion 241 TABLE 133 Hyundai Motor Corporation Key Facts 242 TABLE 134 Product Segmentation of Hyundai Motor Corporation 242 TABLE 135 Hyundai Motor Corporation Growth Strategy 243 TABLE 136 Hyundai Motor Business Expansion 246 TABLE 137 Hyundai Motor Strategic Alliance 246 TABLE 138 Toyota Motor Corporation Key Facts 248 TABLE 139 Product Segmentation of Toyota Motor Corporation 249 TABLE 140 Toyota Motor Corporation Growth Strategy 249 TABLE 141 Toyota Business Expansion 252 TABLE 142 Volkswagen Key Facts 254 TABLE 143 Product Brands of Volkswagen 255 TABLE 144 Volkswagen Growth Strategy 255 TABLE 145 Volkswagen Business Expansion 258 TABLE 146 BMW Key Facts 260 TABLE 147 Product Brands of BMW 261 TABLE 148 BMW Growth Strategy 261 TABLE 149 BMW Business Expansion 264

Waymo, Daimler AG, GM Cruise LLC, Volvo Cars, Nissan Motor Corporation, Tesla Inc., Hyundai Motor Corporation, Toyota Motor Corporation, Volkswagen, Bayerische Motoren Werke AG (BMW)