Table of Contents 1 Abietic Type Acid Market Overview 1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Abietic Type Acid 1.2 Abietic Type Acid Segment by Type 1.2.1 Global Abietic Type Acid Production and CAGR (%) Comparison by Type (2014-2026) 1.2.2 The Market Profile of Type 1 1.2.3 The Market Profile of Type 2 1.2.4 The Market Profile of Type 3 1.3 Global Abietic Type Acid Segment by Application 1.3.1 Abietic Type Acid Consumption (Sales) Comparison by Application (2014-2026) 1.3.2 The Market Profile of Application 1 1.3.3 The Market Profile of Application 2 1.3.4 The Market Profile of Application 3 1.4 Global Abietic Type Acid Market by Region (2014-2026) 1.4.1 Global Abietic Type Acid Market Size (Value) and CAGR (%) Comparison by Region (2014-2026) 1.4.2 United States Abietic Type Acid Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.3 Europe Abietic Type Acid Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.3.1 Germany Abietic Type Acid Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.3.2 UK Abietic Type Acid Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.3.3 France Abietic Type Acid Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.3.4 Italy Abietic Type Acid Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.3.5 Spain Abietic Type Acid Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.3.6 Russia Abietic Type Acid Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.3.7 Poland Abietic Type Acid Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.4 China Abietic Type Acid Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.5 Japan Abietic Type Acid Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.6 India Abietic Type Acid Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.7 Southeast Asia Abietic Type Acid Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.7.1 Malaysia Abietic Type Acid Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.7.2 Singapore Abietic Type Acid Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.7.3 Philippines Abietic Type Acid Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.7.4 Indonesia Abietic Type Acid Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.7.5 Thailand Abietic Type Acid Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.7.6 Vietnam Abietic Type Acid Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.8 Central and South America Abietic Type Acid Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.8.1 Brazil Abietic Type Acid Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.8.2 Mexico Abietic Type Acid Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.8.3 Colombia Abietic Type Acid Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.9 Middle East and Africa Abietic Type Acid Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.9.1 Saudi Arabia Abietic Type Acid Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.9.2 United Arab Emirates Abietic Type Acid Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.9.3 Turkey Abietic Type Acid Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.9.4 Egypt Abietic Type Acid Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.9.5 South Africa Abietic Type Acid Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.9.6 Nigeria Abietic Type Acid Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.5 Global Market Size (Value) of Abietic Type Acid (2014-2026) 1.5.1 Global Abietic Type Acid Revenue Status and Outlook (2014-2026) 1.5.2 Global Abietic Type Acid Production Status and Outlook (2014-2026) 2 Global Abietic Type Acid Market Landscape by Player 2.1 Global Abietic Type Acid Production and Share by Player (2014-2019) 2.2 Global Abietic Type Acid Revenue and Market Share by Player (2014-2019) 2.3 Global Abietic Type Acid Average Price by Player (2014-2019) 2.4 Abietic Type Acid Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area and Product Type by Player 2.5 Abietic Type Acid Market Competitive Situation and Trends 2.5.1 Abietic Type Acid Market Concentration Rate 2.5.2 Abietic Type Acid Market Share of Top 3 and Top 6 Players 2.5.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion 3 Players Profiles 3.1 Songquan Forest Chemical 3.1.1 Songquan Forest Chemical Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.1.2 Abietic Type Acid Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.1.3 Songquan Forest Chemical Abietic Type Acid Market Performance (2014-2019) 3.1.4 Songquan Forest Chemical Business Overview 3.2 Perum Perhutani 3.2.1 Perum Perhutani Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.2.2 Abietic Type Acid Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.2.3 Perum Perhutani Abietic Type Acid Market Performance (2014-2019) 3.2.4 Perum Perhutani Business Overview 3.3 Deqing Yinlong Industrial 3.3.1 Deqing Yinlong Industrial Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.3.2 Abietic Type Acid Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.3.3 Deqing Yinlong Industrial Abietic Type Acid Market Performance (2014-2019) 3.3.4 Deqing Yinlong Industrial Business Overview 3.4 Punjab Rosin and Chemical Works 3.4.1 Punjab Rosin and Chemical Works Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.4.2 Abietic Type Acid Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.4.3 Punjab Rosin and Chemical Works Abietic Type Acid Market Performance (2014-2019) 3.4.4 Punjab Rosin and Chemical Works Business Overview 3.5 Forestarchem 3.5.1 Forestarchem Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.5.2 Abietic Type Acid Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.5.3 Forestarchem Abietic Type Acid Market Performance (2014-2019) 3.5.4 Forestarchem Business Overview 3.6 Wuzhou Pine Chemicals 3.6.1 Wuzhou Pine Chemicals Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.6.2 Abietic Type Acid Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.6.3 Wuzhou Pine Chemicals Abietic Type Acid Market Performance (2014-2019) 3.6.4 Wuzhou Pine Chemicals Business Overview 3.7 Arakawa 3.7.1 Arakawa Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.7.2 Abietic Type Acid Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.7.3 Arakawa Abietic Type Acid Market Performance (2014-2019) 3.7.4 Arakawa Business Overview 3.8 Pasadena Engineering Indonesia 3.8.1 Pasadena Engineering Indonesia Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.8.2 Abietic Type Acid Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.8.3 Pasadena Engineering Indonesia Abietic Type Acid Market Performance (2014-2019) 3.8.4 Pasadena Engineering Indonesia Business Overview 3.9 Socer Brasil 3.9.1 Socer Brasil Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.9.2 Abietic Type Acid Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.9.3 Socer Brasil Abietic Type Acid Market Performance (2014-2019) 3.9.4 Socer Brasil Business Overview 3.10 PT. Naval Overseas 3.10.1 PT. Naval Overseas Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.10.2 Abietic Type Acid Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.10.3 PT. Naval Overseas Abietic Type Acid Market Performance (2014-2019) 3.10.4 PT. Naval Overseas Business Overview 4 Global Abietic Type Acid Production, Revenue (Value), Price Trend by Type 4.1 Global Abietic Type Acid Production and Market Share by Type (2014-2019) 4.2 Global Abietic Type Acid Revenue and Market Share by Type (2014-2019) 4.3 Global Abietic Type Acid Price by Type (2014-2019) 4.4 Global Abietic Type Acid Production Growth Rate by Type (2014-2019) 4.4.1 Global Abietic Type Acid Production Growth Rate of Type 1 (2014-2019) 4.4.2 Global Abietic Type Acid Production Growth Rate of Type 2 (2014-2019) 4.4.3 Global Abietic Type Acid Production Growth Rate of Type 3 (2014-2019) 5 Global Abietic Type Acid Market Analysis by Application 5.1 Global Abietic Type Acid Consumption and Market Share by Application (2014-2019) 5.2 Global Abietic Type Acid Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2014-2019) 5.2.1 Global Abietic Type Acid Consumption Growth Rate of Application 1 (2014-2019) 5.2.2 Global Abietic Type Acid Consumption Growth Rate of Application 2 (2014-2019) 5.2.3 Global Abietic Type Acid Consumption Growth Rate of Application 3 (2014-2019) 6 Global Abietic Type Acid Production, Consumption, Export, Import by Region (2014-2019) 6.1 Global Abietic Type Acid Consumption by Region (2014-2019) 6.2 United States Abietic Type Acid Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) 6.3 Europe Abietic Type Acid Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) 6.4 China Abietic Type Acid Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) 6.5 Japan Abietic Type Acid Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) 6.6 India Abietic Type Acid Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) 6.7 Southeast Asia Abietic Type Acid Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) 6.8 Central and South America Abietic Type Acid Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) 6.9 Middle East and Africa Abietic Type Acid Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) 7 Global Abietic Type Acid Production, Revenue (Value) by Region (2014-2019) 7.1 Global Abietic Type Acid Production and Market Share by Region (2014-2019) 7.2 Global Abietic Type Acid Revenue (Value) and Market Share by Region (2014-2019) 7.3 Global Abietic Type Acid Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 7.4 United States Abietic Type Acid Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 7.5 Europe Abietic Type Acid Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 7.6 China Abietic Type Acid Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 7.7 Japan Abietic Type Acid Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 7.8 India Abietic Type Acid Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 7.9 Southeast Asia Abietic Type Acid Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 7.10 Central and South America Abietic Type Acid Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 7.11 Middle East and Africa Abietic Type Acid Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 8 Abietic Type Acid Manufacturing Analysis 8.1 Abietic Type Acid Key Raw Materials Analysis 8.1.1 Key Raw Materials Introduction 8.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials 8.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials 8.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials 8.2 Manufacturing Cost Analysis 8.2.1 Labor Cost Analysis 8.2.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis 8.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Abietic Type Acid 9 Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers 9.1 Abietic Type Acid Industrial Chain Analysis 9.2 Raw Materials Sources of Abietic Type Acid Major Players in 2018 9.3 Downstream Buyers 10 Market Dynamics 10.1 Drivers 10.2 Restraints 10.3 Opportunities 10.3.1 Advances in Innovation and Technology for Abietic Type Acid 10.3.2 Increased Demand in Emerging Markets 10.4 Challenges 10.4.1 The Performance of Alternative Product Type is Getting Better and Better 10.4.2 Price Variance Caused by Fluctuations in Raw Material Prices 10.5 Porter’s Five Forces Analysis 10.5.1 Threat of New Entrants 10.5.2 Threat of Substitutes 10.5.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers 10.5.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers 10.5.5 Intensity of Competitive Rivalry 11 Global Abietic Type Acid Market Forecast (2019-2026) 11.1 Global Abietic Type Acid Production, Revenue Forecast (2019-2026) 11.1.1 Global Abietic Type Acid Production and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2026) 11.1.2 Global Abietic Type Acid Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2026) 11.1.3 Global Abietic Type Acid Price and Trend Forecast (2019-2026) 11.2 Global Abietic Type Acid Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast by Region (2019-2026) 11.2.1 United States Abietic Type Acid Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) 11.2.2 Europe Abietic Type Acid Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) 11.2.3 China Abietic Type Acid Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) 11.2.4 Japan Abietic Type Acid Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) 11.2.5 India Abietic Type Acid Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) 11.2.6 Southeast Asia Abietic Type Acid Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) 11.2.7 Central and South America Abietic Type Acid Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) 11.2.8 Middle East and Africa Abietic Type Acid Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) 11.3 Global Abietic Type Acid Production, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2019-2026) 11.4 Global Abietic Type Acid Consumption Forecast by Application (2019-2026) 12 Research Findings and Conclusion 13 Appendix 13.1 Methodology 13.2 Research Data Source

List of Tables and Figures Figure Abietic Type Acid Product Picture Table Global Abietic Type Acid Production and CAGR (%) Comparison by Type Table Profile of Type 1 Table Profile of Type 2 Table Profile of Type 3 Table Abietic Type Acid Consumption (Sales) Comparison by Application (2014-2026) Table Profile of Application 1 Table Profile of Application 2 Table Profile of Application 3 Figure Global Abietic Type Acid Market Size (Value) and CAGR (%) (2014-2026) Figure United States Abietic Type Acid Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Europe Abietic Type Acid Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Germany Abietic Type Acid Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure UK Abietic Type Acid Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure France Abietic Type Acid Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Italy Abietic Type Acid Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Spain Abietic Type Acid Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Russia Abietic Type Acid Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Poland Abietic Type Acid Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure China Abietic Type Acid Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Japan Abietic Type Acid Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure India Abietic Type Acid Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Southeast Asia Abietic Type Acid Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Malaysia Abietic Type Acid Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Singapore Abietic Type Acid Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Philippines Abietic Type Acid Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Indonesia Abietic Type Acid Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Thailand Abietic Type Acid Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Vietnam Abietic Type Acid Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Central and South America Abietic Type Acid Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Brazil Abietic Type Acid Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Mexico Abietic Type Acid Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Colombia Abietic Type Acid Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Middle East and Africa Abietic Type Acid Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Saudi Arabia Abietic Type Acid Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure United Arab Emirates Abietic Type Acid Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Turkey Abietic Type Acid Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Egypt Abietic Type Acid Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure South Africa Abietic Type Acid Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Nigeria Abietic Type Acid Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Global Abietic Type Acid Production Status and Outlook (2014-2026) Table Global Abietic Type Acid Production by Player (2014-2019) Table Global Abietic Type Acid Production Share by Player (2014-2019) Figure Global Abietic Type Acid Production Share by Player in 2018 Table Abietic Type Acid Revenue by Player (2014-2019) Table Abietic Type Acid Revenue Market Share by Player (2014-2019) Table Abietic Type Acid Price by Player (2014-2019) Table Abietic Type Acid Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area by Player Table Abietic Type Acid Product Type by Player Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans Table Songquan Forest Chemical Profile Table Songquan Forest Chemical Abietic Type Acid Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Perum Perhutani Profile Table Perum Perhutani Abietic Type Acid Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Deqing Yinlong Industrial Profile Table Deqing Yinlong Industrial Abietic Type Acid Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Punjab Rosin and Chemical Works Profile Table Punjab Rosin and Chemical Works Abietic Type Acid Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Forestarchem Profile Table Forestarchem Abietic Type Acid Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Wuzhou Pine Chemicals Profile Table Wuzhou Pine Chemicals Abietic Type Acid Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Arakawa Profile Table Arakawa Abietic Type Acid Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Pasadena Engineering Indonesia Profile Table Pasadena Engineering Indonesia Abietic Type Acid Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Socer Brasil Profile Table Socer Brasil Abietic Type Acid Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table PT. Naval Overseas Profile Table PT. Naval Overseas Abietic Type Acid Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Global Abietic Type Acid Production by Type (2014-2019) Table Global Abietic Type Acid Production Market Share by Type (2014-2019) Figure Global Abietic Type Acid Production Market Share by Type in 2018 Table Global Abietic Type Acid Revenue by Type (2014-2019) Table Global Abietic Type Acid Revenue Market Share by Type (2014-2019) Figure Global Abietic Type Acid Revenue Market Share by Type in 2018 Table Abietic Type Acid Price by Type (2014-2019) Figure Global Abietic Type Acid Production Growth Rate of Type 1 (2014-2019) Figure Global Abietic Type Acid Production Growth Rate of Type 2 (2014-2019) Figure Global Abietic Type Acid Production Growth Rate of Type 3 (2014-2019) Table Global Abietic Type Acid Consumption by Application (2014-2019) Table Global Abietic Type Acid Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019) Table Global Abietic Type Acid Consumption of Application 1 (2014-2019) Table Global Abietic Type Acid Consumption of Application 2 (2014-2019) Table Global Abietic Type Acid Consumption of Application 3 (2014-2019) Table Global Abietic Type Acid Consumption by Region (2014-2019) Table Global Abietic Type Acid Consumption Market Share by Region (2014-2019) Table United States Abietic Type Acid Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) Table Europe Abietic Type Acid Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) Table China Abietic Type Acid Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) Table Japan Abietic Type Acid Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) Table India Abietic Type Acid Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) Table Southeast Asia Abietic Type Acid Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) Table Central and South America Abietic Type Acid Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) Table Middle East and Africa Abietic Type Acid Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) Table Global Abietic Type Acid Production by Region (2014-2019) Table Global Abietic Type Acid Production Market Share by Region (2014-2019) Figure Global Abietic Type Acid Production Market Share by Region (2014-2019) Figure Global Abietic Type Acid Production Market Share by Region in 2018 Table Global Abietic Type Acid Revenue by Region (2014-2019) Table Global Abietic Type Acid Revenue Market Share by Region (2014-2019) Figure Global Abietic Type Acid Revenue Market Share by Region (2014-2019) Figure Global Abietic Type Acid Revenue Market Share by Region in 2018 Table Global Abietic Type Acid Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table United States Abietic Type Acid Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Europe Abietic Type Acid Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table China Abietic Type Acid Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Japan Abietic Type Acid Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table India Abietic Type Acid Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Southeast Asia Abietic Type Acid Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Central and South America Abietic Type Acid Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Middle East and Africa Abietic Type Acid Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Key Raw Materials Introduction of Abietic Type Acid Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials Figure Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Abietic Type Acid Figure Abietic Type Acid Industrial Chain Analysis Table Raw Materials Sources of Abietic Type Acid Major Players in 2018 Table Downstream Buyers Figure Global Abietic Type Acid Production and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2026) Figure Global Abietic Type Acid Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2026) Figure Global Abietic Type Acid Price and Trend Forecast (2019-2026) Table United States Abietic Type Acid Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) Table Europe Abietic Type Acid Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) Table China Abietic Type Acid Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) Table Japan Abietic Type Acid Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) Table India Abietic Type Acid Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) Table Southeast Asia Abietic Type Acid Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) Table Southeast Asia Abietic Type Acid Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) Table Middle East and Africa Abietic Type Acid Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) Table Global Abietic Type Acid Market Production Forecast, by Type Table Global Abietic Type Acid Production Volume Market Share Forecast, by Type Table Global Abietic Type Acid Market Revenue Forecast, by Type Table Global Abietic Type Acid Revenue Market Share Forecast, by Type Table Global Abietic Type Acid Price Forecast, by Type Table Global Abietic Type Acid Market Production Forecast, by Application Table Global Abietic Type Acid Production Volume Market Share Forecast, by Application Table Global Abietic Type Acid Market Revenue Forecast, by Application Table Global Abietic Type Acid Revenue Market Share Forecast, by Application Table Global Abietic Type Acid Price Forecast, by Application