Table of Contents 1 Study Coverage 1.1 Recombined Milk Product 1.2 Key Market Segments 1.3 Key Manufacturers Covered 1.4 Market by Type 1.4.1 Global Recombined Milk Market Size Growth Rate by Type 1.4.2 Full-Fat Dairy Products 1.4.3 Skimmed Dairy Products 1.5 Market by Application 1.5.1 Global Recombined Milk Market Size Growth Rate by Application 1.5.2 Infancy 1.5.3 Childhood 1.5.4 Adolescence 1.5.5 Early Adulthood or Older 1.6 Study Objectives 1.7 Years Considered 2 Executive Summary 2.1 Global Recombined Milk Market Size 2.1.1 Global Recombined Milk Revenue 2016-2025 2.1.2 Global Recombined Milk Sales 2016-2025 2.2 Recombined Milk Growth Rate by Regions 2.2.1 Global Recombined Milk Sales by Regions 2.2.2 Global Recombined Milk Revenue by Regions 3 Breakdown Data by Manufacturers 3.1 Recombined Milk Sales by Manufacturers 3.1.1 Recombined Milk Sales by Manufacturers 3.1.2 Recombined Milk Sales Market Share by Manufacturers 3.1.3 Global Recombined Milk Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI) 3.2 Recombined Milk Revenue by Manufacturers 3.2.1 Recombined Milk Revenue by Manufacturers (2016-2018) 3.2.2 Recombined Milk Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2016-2018) 3.3 Recombined Milk Price by Manufacturers 3.4 Recombined Milk Manufacturing Base Distribution, Product Types 3.4.1 Recombined Milk Manufacturers Manufacturing Base Distribution, Headquarters 3.4.2 Manufacturers Recombined Milk Product Category 3.4.3 Date of International Manufacturers Enter into Recombined Milk Market 3.5 Manufacturers Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans 4 Breakdown Data by Type 4.1 Global Recombined Milk Sales by Type 4.2 Global Recombined Milk Revenue by Type 4.3 Recombined Milk Price by Type 5 Breakdown Data by Application 5.1 Overview 5.2 Global Recombined Milk Breakdown Data by Application 6 North America 6.1 North America Recombined Milk by Countries 6.1.1 North America Recombined Milk Sales by Countries 6.1.2 North America Recombined Milk Revenue by Countries 6.1.3 United States 6.1.4 Canada 6.1.5 Mexico 6.2 North America Recombined Milk by Type 6.3 North America Recombined Milk by Application 6.4 North America Recombined Milk by Company 7 Europe 7.1 Europe Recombined Milk by Countries 7.1.1 Europe Recombined Milk Sales by Countries 7.1.2 Europe Recombined Milk Revenue by Countries 7.1.3 Germany 7.1.4 France 7.1.5 UK 7.1.6 Italy 7.1.7 Russia 7.2 Europe Recombined Milk by Type 7.3 Europe Recombined Milk by Application 7.4 Europe Recombined Milk by Company 8 Asia Pacific 8.1 Asia Pacific Recombined Milk by Countries 8.1.1 Asia Pacific Recombined Milk Sales by Countries 8.1.2 Asia Pacific Recombined Milk Revenue by Countries 8.1.3 China 8.1.4 Japan 8.1.5 Korea 8.1.6 India 8.1.7 Australia 8.1.8 Indonesia 8.1.9 Malaysia 8.1.10 Philippines 8.1.11 Thailand 8.1.12 Vietnam 8.1.13 Singapore 8.2 Asia Pacific Recombined Milk by Type 8.3 Asia Pacific Recombined Milk by Application 8.4 Asia Pacific Recombined Milk by Company 9 Central & South America 9.1 Central & South America Recombined Milk by Countries 9.1.1 Central & South America Recombined Milk Sales by Countries 9.1.2 Central & South America Recombined Milk Revenue by Countries 9.1.3 Brazil 9.2 Central & South America Recombined Milk by Type 9.3 Central & South America Recombined Milk by Application 9.4 Central & South America Recombined Milk by Company 10 Middle East and Africa 10.1 Middle East and Africa Recombined Milk by Countries 10.1.1 Middle East and Africa Recombined Milk Sales by Countries 10.1.2 Middle East and Africa Recombined Milk Revenue by Countries 10.1.3 GCC Countries 10.1.4 Turkey 10.1.5 Egypt 10.1.6 South Africa 10.2 Middle East and Africa Recombined Milk by Type 10.3 Middle East and Africa Recombined Milk by Application 10.4 Middle East and Africa Recombined Milk by Company 11 Company Profiles 11.1 Almarai 11.1.1 Almarai Company Details 11.1.2 Company Description 11.1.3 Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin of Recombined Milk 11.1.4 Recombined Milk Product Description 11.1.5 Recent Development 11.2 Amul Dairy 11.2.1 Amul Dairy Company Details 11.2.2 Company Description 11.2.3 Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin of Recombined Milk 11.2.4 Recombined Milk Product Description 11.2.5 Recent Development 11.3 F&N MAGNOLIA 11.3.1 F&N MAGNOLIA Company Details 11.3.2 Company Description 11.3.3 Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin of Recombined Milk 11.3.4 Recombined Milk Product Description 11.3.5 Recent Development 11.4 Gulf and Safa Dairies Abu Dhabi 11.4.1 Gulf and Safa Dairies Abu Dhabi Company Details 11.4.2 Company Description 11.4.3 Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin of Recombined Milk 11.4.4 Recombined Milk Product Description 11.4.5 Recent Development 11.5 Qifu Wang 11.5.1 Qifu Wang Company Details 11.5.2 Company Description 11.5.3 Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin of Recombined Milk 11.5.4 Recombined Milk Product Description 11.5.5 Recent Development 11.6 Shandong Chuyuan Food 11.6.1 Shandong Chuyuan Food Company Details 11.6.2 Company Description 11.6.3 Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin of Recombined Milk 11.6.4 Recombined Milk Product Description 11.6.5 Recent Development 11.7 Shenghuruye 11.7.1 Shenghuruye Company Details 11.7.2 Company Description 11.7.3 Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin of Recombined Milk 11.7.4 Recombined Milk Product Description 11.7.5 Recent Development 11.8 Thai Dairy Industry 11.8.1 Thai Dairy Industry Company Details 11.8.2 Company Description 11.8.3 Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin of Recombined Milk 11.8.4 Recombined Milk Product Description 11.8.5 Recent Development 11.9 Want Want 11.9.1 Want Want Company Details 11.9.2 Company Description 11.9.3 Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin of Recombined Milk 11.9.4 Recombined Milk Product Description 11.9.5 Recent Development 11.10 Yongli Food 11.10.1 Yongli Food Company Details 11.10.2 Company Description 11.10.3 Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin of Recombined Milk 11.10.4 Recombined Milk Product Description 11.10.5 Recent Development 12 Market Opportunities, Challenges, Risks and Influences Factors Analysis 12.1 Market Opportunities and Drivers 12.2 Market Challenges 12.3 Market Risks/Restraints 12.4 Key World Economic Indicators 13 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis 13.1 Value Chain Analysis 13.1.1 Typical Suppliers of Key Recombined Milk Raw Material 13.1.2 Recombined Milk Customers 13.2 Sales Channels Analysis 13.2.1 Sales Channels Analysis 13.2.2 Distributors 14 Research Findings and Conclusion 15 Appendix 15.1 Research Methodology 15.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach 15.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design 15.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation 15.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation 15.1.2 Data Source 15.1.2.1 Secondary Sources 15.1.2.2 Primary Sources 15.2 Author Details 15.3 Disclaimer

List of Tables and Figures Figure Picture of Recombined Milk Figure Global Recombined Milk Production (K MT) and CAGR (%) Comparison by Types (Product Category) (2013-2025) Figure Global Recombined Milk Production Market Share by Types (Product Category) in 2017 Figure Full-Fat Dairy Products Product Picture Table Major Manufacturers of Full-Fat Dairy Products Figure Skimmed Dairy Products Product Picture Table Major Manufacturers of Skimmed Dairy Products Table Global Recombined Milk Market Size Growth Rate by Application 2018-2025 (K MT) Figure Infancy Figure Childhood Figure Adolescence Figure Early Adulthood or Older Figure Recombined Milk Report Years Considered Figure Global Recombined Milk Market Size 2016-2025 (Million US$) Figure Global Recombined Milk Sales 2016-2025 (K MT) Table Global Recombined Milk Market Size by Regions 2016-2025 (K MT) & (Million US$) Table Global Recombined Milk Sales by Regions 2016-2025 (K MT) Table Global Recombined Milk Sales Market Share by Regions 2016-2025 Figure Global Recombined Milk Sales Market Share by Regions 2016-2025 Figure 2017 Global Recombined Milk Sales Market Share by Regions Table Global Recombined Milk Revenue by Regions 2016-2025 (Million US$) Table Global Recombined Milk Revenue Market Share by Regions 2016-2025 Figure Global Recombined Milk Revenue Market Share by Regions 2016-2025 Figure 2017 Global Recombined Milk Revenue Market Share by Regions Table Global Recombined Milk Sales by Manufacturers (2016-2018) (K MT) Table Global Recombined Milk Sales Share by Manufacturers (2016-2018) Figure Global Recombined Milk Sales Share by Manufacturers in 2017 Table Recombined Milk Revenue by Manufacturers (2016-2018) (Million US$) Table Recombined Milk Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2016-2018) Figure Recombined Milk Value Share by Manufacturers in 2017 Table Global Recombined Milk Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI) Table Key Manufacturers Recombined Milk Price (2016-2018) (USD/MT) Table Recombined Milk Manufacturers Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters Table Manufacturers Recombined Milk Product Category Table Date of International Manufacturers Enter into Recombined Milk Market Table Manufacturers Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans Table Global Recombined Milk Sales by Type (2016-2025) (K MT) Table Global Recombined Milk Sales Share by Type (2016-2025) Figure Global Recombined Milk Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2025) Figure Global Recombined Milk Sales Market Share by Type in 2017 Table Global Recombined Milk Revenue by Type (2016-2025) (Million US$) Table Global Recombined Milk Revenue Share by Type (2016-2025) Figure Global Recombined Milk Revenue Market Share by Type (2016-2025) Figure Global Recombined Milk Revenue Market Share by Type in 2017 Table Recombined Milk Price by Type 2013-2018 (USD/MT) Table Global Recombined Milk Sales by Application (2016-2025) (K MT) Table Global Recombined Milk Sales Share by Application (2016-2025) Figure Global Sales Recombined Milk Market Share by Application (2016-2025) Figure Global Sales Recombined Milk Market Share by Application (2016-2025) Figure North America Recombined Milk Sales Growth Rate 2016-2025 (K MT) Figure North America Recombined Milk Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2025 (Million US$) Table North America Recombined Milk Sales by Countries (2016-2025) (K MT) Table North America Recombined Milk Sales Market Share by Countries (2016-2025) Figure 2017 North America Recombined Milk Sales Market Share by Countries Table North America Recombined Milk Revenue by Countries (2016-2025) (Million US$) Table North America Recombined Milk Revenue Market Share by Countries (2016-2025) Figure 2017 North America Recombined Milk Revenue Market Share by Countries Figure United States Recombined Milk Sales Growth Rate (2016-2025) (K MT) Figure United States Recombined Milk Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2025) (Million US$) Figure Canada Recombined Milk Sales Growth Rate (2016-2025) (K MT) Figure Canada Recombined Milk Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2025) (Million US$) Figure Mexico Recombined Milk Sales Growth Rate (2016-2025) (K MT) Figure Mexico Recombined Milk Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2025) (Million US$) Table North America Recombined Milk Sales by Type (2016-2025) (K MT) Table North America Recombined Milk Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2025) Figure 2017 North America Recombined Milk Market Share by Type Table North America Recombined Milk Sales by Application (2016-2025) (K MT) Table North America Recombined Milk Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2025) Figure 2017 North America Recombined Milk Market Share by Application Table North America Recombined Milk Sales by Company (2016-2018) (K MT) Table North America Recombined Milk Sales Market Share by Company (2016-2018) Figure North America Recombined Milk Sales Market Share by Company in 2017 Figure Europe Recombined Milk Sales Growth Rate 2016-2025 (K MT) Figure Europe Recombined Milk Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2025 (Million US$) Table Europe Recombined Milk Sales by Countries (2016-2025) (K MT) Table Europe Recombined Milk Sales Market Share by Countries (2016-2025) Figure 2017 Europe Recombined Milk Sales Market Share by Countries Table Europe Recombined Milk Revenue by Countries (2016-2025) (Million US$) Table Europe Recombined Milk Revenue Market Share by Countries (2016-2025) Figure 2017 Europe Recombined Milk Revenue Market Share by Countries Figure Germany Recombined Milk Sales Growth Rate (2016-2025) (K MT) Figure Germany Recombined Milk Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2025) (K MT) Figure France Recombined Milk Sales Growth Rate (2016-2025) (K MT) Figure France Recombined Milk Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2025) (K MT) Figure UK Recombined Milk Sales Growth Rate (2016-2025) (K MT) Figure UK Recombined Milk Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2025) (Million US$) Figure Italy Recombined Milk Sales Growth Rate (2016-2025) (K MT) Figure Italy Recombined Milk Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2025) (Million US$) Figure Russia Recombined Milk Sales Growth Rate (2016-2025) (K MT) Figure Russia Recombined Milk Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2025) (Million US$) Table Europe Recombined Milk Sales by Type (2016-2025) (K MT) Table Europe Recombined Milk Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2025) Figure 2017 Europe Recombined Milk Market Share by Type Table Europe Recombined Milk Sales by Application (2016-2025) (K MT) Table Europe Recombined Milk Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2025) Figure 2017 Europe Recombined Milk Market Share by Application Table Europe Recombined Milk Sales by Company (2016-2018) (K MT) Table Europe Recombined Milk Sales Market Share by Company (2016-2018) Figure Europe Recombined Milk Sales Market Share by Company in 2017 Figure Asia Pacific Recombined Milk Sales Growth Rate 2016-2025 (K MT) Figure Asia Pacific Recombined Milk Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2025 (Million US$) Table Asia Pacific Recombined Milk Sales by Countries (2016-2025) (K MT) Table Asia Pacific Recombined Milk Sales Market Share by Countries (2016-2025) Figure 2017 Asia Pacific Recombined Milk Sales Market Share by Countries Table Asia Pacific Recombined Milk Revenue by Countries (2016-2025) (Million US$) Table Asia Pacific Recombined Milk Revenue Market Share by Countries (2016-2025) Figure 2017 Asia Pacific Recombined Milk Revenue Market Share by Countries Figure China Recombined Milk Sales Growth Rate (2016-2025) (K MT) Figure China Recombined Milk Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2025) (Million US$) Figure Japan Recombined Milk Sales Growth Rate (2016-2025) (K MT) Figure Japan Recombined Milk Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2025) (Million US$) Figure Korea Recombined Milk Sales Growth Rate (2016-2025) (K MT) Figure Korea Recombined Milk Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2025) (Million US$) Figure India Recombined Milk Sales Growth Rate (2016-2025) (K MT) Figure India Recombined Milk Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2025) (Million US$) Figure Australia Recombined Milk Sales Growth Rate (2016-2025) (K MT) Figure Australia Recombined Milk Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2025) (Million US$) Figure Indonesia Recombined Milk Sales Growth Rate (2016-2025) (K MT) Figure Indonesia Recombined Milk Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2025) (Million US$) Figure Malaysia Recombined Milk Sales Growth Rate (2016-2025) (K MT) Figure Malaysia Recombined Milk Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2025) (Million US$) Figure Philippines Recombined Milk Sales Growth Rate (2016-2025) (K MT) Figure Philippines Recombined Milk Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2025) (Million US$) Figure Thailand Recombined Milk Sales Growth Rate (2016-2025) (K MT) Figure Thailand Recombined Milk Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2025) (Million US$) Figure Vietnam Recombined Milk Sales Growth Rate (2016-2025) (K MT) Figure Vietnam Recombined Milk Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2025) (Million US$) Figure Singapore Recombined Milk Sales Growth Rate (2016-2025) (K MT) Figure Singapore Recombined Milk Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2025) (Million US$) Table Asia Pacific Recombined Milk Sales by Type (2016-2025) (K MT) Table Asia Pacific Recombined Milk Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2025) Figure 2017 Asia Pacific Recombined Milk Market Share by Type Table Asia Pacific Recombined Milk Sales by Application (2016-2025) (K MT) Table Asia Pacific Recombined Milk Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2025) Figure 2017 Asia Pacific Recombined Milk Market Share by Application Table Asia Pacific Recombined Milk Sales by Company (2016-2018) (K MT) Table Asia Pacific Recombined Milk Sales Market Share by Company (2016-2018) Figure Asia Pacific Recombined Milk Sales Market Share by Company in 2017 Figure Central & South America Recombined Milk Sales Growth Rate 2016-2025 (K MT) Figure Central & South America Recombined Milk Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2025 (Million US$) Table Central & South America Recombined Milk Sales by Countries (2016-2025) (K MT) Table Central & South America Recombined Milk Sales Market Share by Countries (2016-2025) Figure 2017 Central & South America Recombined Milk Sales Market Share by Countries Table Central & South America Recombined Milk Revenue by Countries (2016-2025) (Million US$) Table Central & South America Recombined Milk Revenue Market Share by Countries (2016-2025) Figure 2017 Central & South America Recombined Milk Revenue Market Share by Countries Figure Brazil Recombined Milk Sales Growth Rate (2016-2025) (K MT) Figure Brazil Recombined Milk Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2025) (Million US$) Figure Argentina Recombined Milk Sales Growth Rate (2016-2025) (K MT) Figure Argentina Recombined Milk Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2025) (Million US$) Table Central & South America Recombined Milk Sales by Type (2016-2025) (K MT) Table Central & South America Recombined Milk Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2025) Figure 2017 Central & South America Recombined Milk Market Share by Type Table Central & South America Recombined Milk Sales by Application (2016-2025) (K MT) Table Central & South America Recombined Milk Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2025) Figure 2017 Central & South America Recombined Milk Market Share by Application Table Central & South America Recombined Milk Sales by Company (2016-2018) (K MT) Table Central & South America Recombined Milk Sales Market Share by Company (2016-2018) Figure Central & South America Recombined Milk Sales Market Share by Company in 2017 Figure Middle East and Africa Recombined Milk Sales Growth Rate 2016-2025 (K MT) Figure Middle East and Africa Recombined Milk Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2025 (Million US$) Table Middle East and Africa Recombined Milk Sales by Countries (2016-2025) (K MT) Table Middle East and Africa Recombined Milk Sales Market Share by Countries (2016-2025) Figure 2017 Middle East and Africa Recombined Milk Sales Market Share by Countries Table Middle East and Africa Recombined Milk Revenue by Countries (2016-2025) (Million US$) Table Middle East and Africa Recombined Milk Revenue Market Share by Countries (2016-2025) Figure 2017 Middle East and Africa Recombined Milk Revenue Market Share by Countries Figure GCC Countries Recombined Milk Sales Growth Rate (2016-2025) (K MT) Figure GCC Countries Recombined Milk Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2025) (Million US$) Figure Turkey Recombined Milk Sales Growth Rate (2016-2025) (K MT) Figure Turkey Recombined Milk Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2025) (Million US$) Figure Egypt Recombined Milk Sales Growth Rate (2016-2025) (K MT) Figure Egypt Recombined Milk Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2025) (Million US$) Figure South Africa Recombined Milk Sales Growth Rate (2016-2025) (K MT) Figure South Africa Recombined Milk Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2025) (Million US$) Table Middle East and Africa Recombined Milk Sales by Type (2016-2025) (K MT) Table Middle East and Africa Recombined Milk Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2025) Figure 2017 Middle East and Africa Recombined Milk Market Share by Type Table Middle East and Africa Recombined Milk Sales by Application (2016-2025) (K MT) Table Middle East and Africa Recombined Milk Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2025) Figure 2017 Middle East and Africa Recombined Milk Market Share by Application Table Middle East and Africa Recombined Milk Sales by Company (2016-2018) (K MT) Table Middle East and Africa Recombined Milk Sales Market Share by Company (2016-2018) Figure Middle East and Africa Recombined Milk Sales Market Share by Company in 2017 Table Almarai Company Details Table Almarai Recombined Milk Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2018) Table Almarai Recent Development Table Amul Dairy Company Details Table Amul Dairy Recombined Milk Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2018) Table Amul Dairy Recent Development Table F&N MAGNOLIA Company Details Table F&N MAGNOLIA Recombined Milk Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2018) Table F&N MAGNOLIA Recent Development Table Gulf and Safa Dairies Abu Dhabi Company Details Table Gulf and Safa Dairies Abu Dhabi Recombined Milk Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2018) Table Gulf and Safa Dairies Abu Dhabi Recent Development Table Qifu Wang Company Details Table Qifu Wang Recombined Milk Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2018) Table Qifu Wang Recent Development Table Shandong Chuyuan Food Company Details Table Shandong Chuyuan Food Recombined Milk Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2018) Table Shandong Chuyuan Food Recent Development Table Shenghuruye Company Details Table Shenghuruye Recombined Milk Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2018) Table Shenghuruye Recent Development Table Thai Dairy Industry Company Details Table Thai Dairy Industry Recombined Milk Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2018) Table Thai Dairy Industry Recent Development Table Want Want Company Details Table Want Want Recombined Milk Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2018) Table Want Want Recent Development Table Yongli Food Company Details Table Yongli Food Recombined Milk Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2018) Table Yongli Food Recent Development Figure GDP by Regions / Largest Economies Pie Chart in 2016 Figure G20 GDP Long-Term Forecast Total, Million US dollars, 2060 Figure G20 Gross Domestic Product (GDP)Total, US Dollars/Capita, 2016 Figure Saving Rate Total, % of GDP, 2015 Table Recombined Milk Value Chain Table Typical Suppliers of Key Recombined Milk Raw Material Table Recombined Milk Customers List Table Recombined Milk Sales Channels Table Recombined Milk Distributors List Table Research Programs/Design for This Report Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report Figure Data Triangulation Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources