Table of Contents United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Market Report 2018 1 Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Overview 1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications 1.2 Classification of Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications by Product Category 1.2.1 United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Market Size (Sales Volume) Comparison by Type (2013-2025) 1.2.2 United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Market Size (Sales Volume) Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2017 1.2.3 Vehicle-to-vehicle communication (V2V communication) 1.2.4 Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I communication) 1.2.5 Vehicle-to-Pedestrian (V2P communication) 1.3 United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Market by Application/End Users 1.3.1 United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Market Size (Consumption) and Market Share Comparison by Application (2013-2025) 1.3.2 Road safety service 1.3.3 Automatic parking system 1.3.4 Emergency vehicles 1.3.5 Auto car service 1.4 United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Market by Region 1.4.1 United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Market Size (Value) Comparison by Region (2013-2025) 1.4.2 The West Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Status and Prospect (2013-2025) 1.4.3 Southwest Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Status and Prospect (2013-2025) 1.4.4 The Middle Atlantic Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Status and Prospect (2013-2025) 1.4.5 New England Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Status and Prospect (2013-2025) 1.4.6 The South Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Status and Prospect (2013-2025) 1.4.7 The Midwest Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Status and Prospect (2013-2025) 1.5 United States Market Size (Value and Volume) of Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications (2013-2025) 1.5.1 United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2025) 1.5.2 United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Revenue and Growth Rate (2013-2025) 2 United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Market Competition by Players/Suppliers 2.1 United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales and Market Share of Key Players/Suppliers (2013-2018) 2.2 United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Revenue and Share by Players/Suppliers (2013-2018) 2.3 United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Average Price by Players/Suppliers (2013-2018) 2.4 United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Market Competitive Situation and Trends 2.4.1 United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Market Concentration Rate 2.4.2 United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Players/Suppliers 2.4.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion in United States Market 2.5 United States Players/Suppliers Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area, Product Type 3 United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales (Volume) and Revenue (Value) by Region (2013-2018) 3.1 United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales and Market Share by Region (2013-2018) 3.2 United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Revenue and Market Share by Region (2013-2018) 3.3 United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Price by Region (2013-2018) 4 United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales (Volume) and Revenue (Value) by Type (Product Category) (2013-2018) 4.1 United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales and Market Share by Type (Product Category) (2013-2018) 4.2 United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Revenue and Market Share by Type (2013-2018) 4.3 United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Price by Type (2013-2018) 4.4 United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales Growth Rate by Type (2013-2018) 5 United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales (Volume) by Application (2013-2018) 5.1 United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales and Market Share by Application (2013-2018) 5.2 United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales Growth Rate by Application (2013-2018) 5.3 Market Drivers and Opportunities 6 United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Players/Suppliers Profiles and Sales Data 6.1 Arada Systems 6.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors 6.1.2 Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Product Category, Application and Specification 6.1.2.1 Product A 6.1.2.2 Product B 6.1.3 Arada Systems Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018) 6.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview 6.2 Autotalks Ltd. 6.2.2 Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Product Category, Application and Specification 6.2.2.1 Product A 6.2.2.2 Product B 6.2.3 Autotalks Ltd. Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018) 6.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview 6.3 Cohda Wireless 6.3.2 Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Product Category, Application and Specification 6.3.2.1 Product A 6.3.2.2 Product B 6.3.3 Cohda Wireless Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018) 6.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview 6.4 Delphi Automotive 6.4.2 Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Product Category, Application and Specification 6.4.2.1 Product A 6.4.2.2 Product B 6.4.3 Delphi Automotive Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018) 6.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview 6.5 Denso 6.5.2 Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Product Category, Application and Specification 6.5.2.1 Product A 6.5.2.2 Product B 6.5.3 Denso Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018) 6.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview 6.6 eTrans Systems 6.6.2 Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Product Category, Application and Specification 6.6.2.1 Product A 6.6.2.2 Product B 6.6.3 eTrans Systems Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018) 6.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview 6.7 Kapsch TrafficCom 6.7.2 Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Product Category, Application and Specification 6.7.2.1 Product A 6.7.2.2 Product B 6.7.3 Kapsch TrafficCom Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018) 6.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview 6.8 Qualcomm 6.8.2 Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Product Category, Application and Specification 6.8.2.1 Product A 6.8.2.2 Product B 6.8.3 Qualcomm Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018) 6.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview 6.9 Savari Inc 6.9.2 Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Product Category, Application and Specification 6.9.2.1 Product A 6.9.2.2 Product B 6.9.3 Savari Inc Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018) 6.9.4 Main Business/Business Overview 7 Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Manufacturing Cost Analysis 7.1 Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Key Raw Materials Analysis 7.1.1 Key Raw Materials 7.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials 7.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials 7.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials 7.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure 7.2.1 Raw Materials 7.2.2 Labor Cost 7.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses 7.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications 8 Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers 8.1 Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Industrial Chain Analysis 8.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing 8.3 Raw Materials Sources of Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Major Manufacturers in 2017 8.4 Downstream Buyers 9 Marketing Strategy Analysis, Distributors/Traders 9.1 Marketing Channel 9.1.1 Direct Marketing 9.1.2 Indirect Marketing 9.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend 9.2 Market Positioning 9.2.1 Pricing Strategy 9.2.2 Brand Strategy 9.2.3 Target Client 9.3 Distributors/Traders List 10 Market Effect Factors Analysis 10.1 Technology Progress/Risk 10.1.1 Substitutes Threat 10.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry 10.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change 10.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change 11 United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Market Size (Value and Volume) Forecast (2018-2025) 11.1 United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales Volume, Revenue Forecast (2018-2025) 11.2 United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales Volume Forecast by Type (2018-2025) 11.3 United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales Volume Forecast by Application (2018-2025) 11.4 United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales Volume Forecast by Region (2018-2025) 12 Research Findings and Conclusion 13 Appendix 13.1 Methodology/Research Approach 13.1.1 Research Programs/Design 13.1.2 Market Size Estimation 13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation 13.2 Data Source 13.2.1 Secondary Sources 13.2.2 Primary Sources 13.3 Disclaimer

List of Tables and Figures Figure Product Picture of Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Figure United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Market Size (K MT) by Type (2013-2025) Figure United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales Volume Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2017 Figure Vehicle-to-vehicle communication (V2V communication) Product Picture Figure Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I communication) Product Picture Figure Vehicle-to-Pedestrian (V2P communication) Product Picture Figure United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Market Size (K MT) by Application (2013-2025) Figure United States Sales Market Share of Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications by Application in 2017 Figure Road safety service Examples Table Key Downstream Customer in Road safety service Figure Automatic parking system Examples Table Key Downstream Customer in Automatic parking system Figure Emergency vehicles Examples Table Key Downstream Customer in Emergency vehicles Figure Auto car service Examples Table Key Downstream Customer in Auto car service Figure United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Market Size (Million USD) by Region (2013-2025) Figure The West Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025) Figure Southwest Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025) Figure The Middle Atlantic Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025) Figure New England Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025) Figure The South of US Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025) Figure The Midwest Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025) Figure United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (2013-2025) Figure United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025) Figure United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Market Major Players Product Sales Volume (K MT) (2013-2018) Table United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales (K MT) of Key Players/Suppliers (2013-2018) Table United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales Share by Players/Suppliers (2013-2018) Figure 2017 United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales Share by Players/Suppliers Figure 2017 United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales Share by Players/Suppliers Figure United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Market Major Players Product Revenue (Million USD) (2013-2018) Table United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Revenue (Million USD) by Players/Suppliers (2013-2018) Table United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers (2013-2018) Figure 2017 United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers Figure 2017 United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers Table United States Market Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Average Price (USD/MT) of Key Players/Suppliers (2013-2018) Figure United States Market Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Average Price (USD/MT) of Key Players/Suppliers in 2017 Figure United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Market Share of Top 3 Players/Suppliers Figure United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Market Share of Top 5 Players/Suppliers Table United States Players/Suppliers Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area Table United States Players/Suppliers Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Product Category Table United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales (K MT) by Region (2013-2018) Table United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales Share by Region (2013-2018) Figure United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales Share by Region (2013-2018) Figure United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales Market Share by Region in 2017 Table United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Region (2013-2018) Table United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Revenue Share by Region (2013-2018) Figure United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Revenue Market Share by Region (2013-2018) Figure United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Revenue Market Share by Region in 2017 Table United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Price (USD/MT) by Region (2013-2018) Table United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales (K MT) by Type (2013-2018) Table United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales Share by Type (2013-2018) Figure United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales Share by Type (2013-2018) Figure United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales Market Share by Type in 2017 Table United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2013-2018) Table United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Revenue Share by Type (2013-2018) Figure Revenue Market Share of Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications by Type (2013-2018) Figure Revenue Market Share of Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications by Type in 2017 Table United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Price (USD/MT) by Types (2013-2018) Figure United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales Growth Rate by Type (2013-2018) Table United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales (K MT) by Application (2013-2018) Table United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales Market Share by Application (2013-2018) Figure United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales Market Share by Application (2013-2018) Figure United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales Market Share by Application in 2017 Table United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales Growth Rate by Application (2013-2018) Figure United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales Growth Rate by Application (2013-2018) Table Arada Systems Basic Information List Table Arada Systems Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2013-2018) Figure Arada Systems Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018) Figure Arada Systems Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018) Figure Arada Systems Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018) Table Autotalks Ltd. Basic Information List Table Autotalks Ltd. Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2013-2018) Figure Autotalks Ltd. Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018) Figure Autotalks Ltd. Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018) Figure Autotalks Ltd. Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018) Table Cohda Wireless Basic Information List Table Cohda Wireless Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2013-2018) Figure Cohda Wireless Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018) Figure Cohda Wireless Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018) Figure Cohda Wireless Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018) Table Delphi Automotive Basic Information List Table Delphi Automotive Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2013-2018) Figure Delphi Automotive Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018) Figure Delphi Automotive Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018) Figure Delphi Automotive Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018) Table Denso Basic Information List Table Denso Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2013-2018) Figure Denso Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018) Figure Denso Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018) Figure Denso Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018) Table eTrans Systems Basic Information List Table eTrans Systems Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2013-2018) Figure eTrans Systems Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018) Figure eTrans Systems Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018) Figure eTrans Systems Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018) Table Kapsch TrafficCom Basic Information List Table Kapsch TrafficCom Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2013-2018) Figure Kapsch TrafficCom Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018) Figure Kapsch TrafficCom Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018) Figure Kapsch TrafficCom Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018) Table Qualcomm Basic Information List Table Qualcomm Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2013-2018) Figure Qualcomm Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018) Figure Qualcomm Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018) Figure Qualcomm Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018) Table Savari Inc Basic Information List Table Savari Inc Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2013-2018) Figure Savari Inc Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018) Figure Savari Inc Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018) Figure Savari Inc Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018) Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Figure Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Industrial Chain Analysis Table Raw Materials Sources of Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Major Players/Suppliers in 2017 Table Major Buyers of Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Table Distributors/Traders List Figure United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales Volume (K MT) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025) Figure United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025) Figure United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Price (USD/MT) Trend Forecast (2018-2025) Table United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales Volume (K MT) Forecast by Type (2018-2025) Figure United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales Volume (K MT) Forecast by Type (2018-2025) Figure United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales Volume (K MT) Forecast by Type in 2025 Table United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales Volume (K MT) Forecast by Application (2018-2025) Figure United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales Volume (K MT) Forecast by Application (2018-2025) Figure United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales Volume (K MT) Forecast by Application in 2025 Table United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales Volume (K MT) Forecast by Region (2018-2025) Table United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2018-2025) Figure United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2018-2025) Figure United States Automotive Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region in 2025 Table Research Programs/Design for This Report Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report Figure Data Triangulation Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources