Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 List of Tables 6 List of Figures 7 Introduction 8 Global Markets Direct Report Coverage 8 Constipation Overview 9 Therapeutics Development 10 Pipeline Products for Constipation - Overview 10 Pipeline Products for Constipation - Comparative Analysis 11 Constipation - Therapeutics under Development by Companies 12 Constipation - Therapeutics under Investigation by Universities/Institutes 14 Constipation - Pipeline Products Glance 15 Late Stage Products 15 Clinical Stage Products 16 Early Stage Products 17 Constipation - Products under Development by Companies 18 Constipation - Products under Investigation by Universities/Institutes 20 Constipation - Companies Involved in Therapeutics Development 21 AlbireoPharma 21 Ardelyx, Inc. 22 Astellas Pharma Inc. 23 Braintree Laboratories, Inc. 24 CJ HealthCare Corp. 25 Daiichi Sankyo Company, Limited 26 Ironwood Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 27 Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. 28 NGM Biopharmaceuticals, Inc. 29 RaQualia Pharma Inc. 30 Rhythm Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 31 Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd. 32 Shire Plc 33 SK Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. 34 Sucampo Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 35 Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd. 36 Synergy Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 37 Synthetic Biologics, Inc. 38 Yuhan Corporation 39 Constipation - Therapeutics Assessment 40 Assessment by Monotherapy Products 40 Assessment by Target 41 Assessment by Mechanism of Action 43 Assessment by Route of Administration 45 Assessment by Molecule Type 47 Drug Profiles 49 ASP-7663 - Drug Profile 49 Product Description 49 Mechanism of Action 49 R&D Progress 49 BLI-400 - Drug Profile 50 Product Description 50 Mechanism of Action 50 R&D Progress 50 DA-6886 - Drug Profile 51 Product Description 51 Mechanism of Action 51 R&D Progress 51 DS-3801 - Drug Profile 52 Product Description 52 Mechanism of Action 52 R&D Progress 52 DSP-6952 - Drug Profile 53 Product Description 53 Mechanism of Action 53 R&D Progress 53 elobixibat - Drug Profile 54 Product Description 54 Mechanism of Action 54 R&D Progress 54 KWA-0711 - Drug Profile 56 Product Description 56 Mechanism of Action 56 R&D Progress 56 linaclotide - Drug Profile 57 Product Description 57 Mechanism of Action 57 R&D Progress 57 lubiprostone - Drug Profile 60 Product Description 60 Mechanism of Action 60 R&D Progress 60 NGM-282 - Drug Profile 63 Product Description 63 Mechanism of Action 63 R&D Progress 63 plecanatide - Drug Profile 65 Product Description 65 Mechanism of Action 65 R&D Progress 65 prucalopride succinate - Drug Profile 67 Product Description 67 Mechanism of Action 67 R&D Progress 67 relamorelin - Drug Profile 69 Product Description 69 Mechanism of Action 69 R&D Progress 69 relenopride hydrochloride - Drug Profile 71 Product Description 71 Mechanism of Action 71 R&D Progress 71 RQ-00000010 - Drug Profile 72 Product Description 72 Mechanism of Action 72 R&D Progress 72 SK-1202 - Drug Profile 73 Product Description 73 Mechanism of Action 73 R&D Progress 73 Small Molecule to Activate 5-HT1 Receptor for Constipation and Dyspepsia - Drug Profile 74 Product Description 74 Mechanism of Action 74 R&D Progress 74 Small Molecule to Inhibit IBAT for Chronic Constipation and Irritable Bowel Syndrome - Drug Profile 75 Product Description 75 Mechanism of Action 75 R&D Progress 75 SYN-010 - Drug Profile 76 Product Description 76 Mechanism of Action 76 R&D Progress 76 tenapanor hydrochloride - Drug Profile 78 Product Description 78 Mechanism of Action 78 R&D Progress 78 Transilon - Drug Profile 80 Product Description 80 Mechanism of Action 80 R&D Progress 80 YH-12852 - Drug Profile 81 Product Description 81 Mechanism of Action 81 R&D Progress 81 Constipation - Recent Pipeline Updates 82 Constipation - Dormant Projects 111 Constipation - Product Development Milestones 112 Featured News & Press Releases 112 Jan 29, 2016: Synergy Pharmaceuticals Files New Drug Application for Plecanatide in Chronic Idiopathic Constipation 112 Jan 19, 2016: Synthetic Biologics Reports Positive Topline Data from Second Phase 2 Clinical Trial of SYN-010 in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Constipation (IBS-C) 113 Dec 08, 2015: Synthetic Biologics' SYN-010 Lowered Breath Methane and Improved Stool Frequency in a Phase 2 Four Week Study in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Constipation (IBS-C) 114 Dec 07, 2015: Synthetic Biologics to Webcast Microbiome Clinical Program Seminar 115 Nov 30, 2015: Astellas and Ironwood Report Positive Top-Line Data from Phase III IBS-C Trial Conducted in Japan 116 Nov 24, 2015: Synthetic Biologics Announces Issuance of First Key U.S. Patent Directly Covering SYN-010, the Company's Novel Candidate for Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Constipation 117 Nov 19, 2015: Synthetic Biologics to Host Microbiome Clinical Program Seminar in New York City 117 Nov 10, 2015: Albireo Announces the Initiation in Japan of a Phase 3 Clinical Trial of Elobixibat in Chronic Constipation by Ajinomoto Pharmaceuticals 118 Nov 02, 2015: Ironwood and Allergan Initiate Phase IIb Clinical Trial of Linaclotide Colonic Release in Adults with Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Constipation 118 Oct 20, 2015: Synthetic Biologics' Novel Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Constipation Program Featured in American College of Gastroenterology Poster 119 Appendix 121 Methodology 121 Coverage 121 Secondary Research 121 Primary Research 121 Expert Panel Validation 121 Contact Us 121 Disclaimer 122

List of Tables Number of Products under Development for Constipation, H1 2016 10 Number of Products under Development for Constipation - Comparative Analysis, H1 2016 11 Number of Products under Development by Companies, H1 2016 13 Number of Products under Investigation by Universities/Institutes, H1 2016 14 Comparative Analysis by Late Stage Development, H1 2016 15 Comparative Analysis by Clinical Stage Development, H1 2016 16 Comparative Analysis by Early Stage Development, H1 2016 17 Products under Development by Companies, H1 2016 18 Products under Development by Companies, H1 2016 (Contd..1) 19 Products under Investigation by Universities/Institutes, H1 2016 20 Constipation - Pipeline by AlbireoPharma, H1 2016 21 Constipation - Pipeline by Ardelyx, Inc., H1 2016 22 Constipation - Pipeline by Astellas Pharma Inc., H1 2016 23 Constipation - Pipeline by Braintree Laboratories, Inc., H1 2016 24 Constipation - Pipeline by CJ HealthCare Corp., H1 2016 25 Constipation - Pipeline by Daiichi Sankyo Company, Limited, H1 2016 26 Constipation - Pipeline by Ironwood Pharmaceuticals, Inc., H1 2016 27 Constipation - Pipeline by Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., H1 2016 28 Constipation - Pipeline by NGM Biopharmaceuticals, Inc., H1 2016 29 Constipation - Pipeline by RaQualia Pharma Inc., H1 2016 30 Constipation - Pipeline by Rhythm Pharmaceuticals, Inc., H1 2016 31 Constipation - Pipeline by Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., H1 2016 32 Constipation - Pipeline by Shire Plc, H1 2016 33 Constipation - Pipeline by SK Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., H1 2016 34 Constipation - Pipeline by Sucampo Pharmaceuticals, Inc., H1 2016 35 Constipation - Pipeline by Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., H1 2016 36 Constipation - Pipeline by Synergy Pharmaceuticals, Inc., H1 2016 37 Constipation - Pipeline by Synthetic Biologics, Inc., H1 2016 38 Constipation - Pipeline by Yuhan Corporation, H1 2016 39 Assessment by Monotherapy Products, H1 2016 40 Number of Products by Stage and Target, H1 2016 42 Number of Products by Stage and Mechanism of Action, H1 2016 44 Number of Products by Stage and Route of Administration, H1 2016 46 Number of Products by Stage and Molecule Type, H1 2016 48 Constipation Therapeutics - Recent Pipeline Updates, H1 2016 82 Constipation - Dormant Projects, H1 2016 111 List of Figures Number of Products under Development for Constipation, H1 2016 10 Number of Products under Development for Constipation - Comparative Analysis, H1 2016 11 Number of Products under Development by Companies, H1 2016 12 Comparative Analysis by Late Stage Development, H1 2016 15 Comparative Analysis by Clinical Stage Development, H1 2016 16 Comparative Analysis by Early Stage Products, H1 2016 17 Assessment by Monotherapy Products, H1 2016 40 Number of Products by Top 10 Targets, H1 2016 41 Number of Products by Stage and Top 10 Targets, H1 2016 41 Number of Products by Top 10 Mechanism of Actions, H1 2016 43 Number of Products by Stage and Top 10 Mechanism of Actions, H1 2016 43 Number of Products by Routes of Administration, H1 2016 45 Number of Products by Stage and Routes of Administration, H1 2016 45 Number of Products by Molecule Types, H1 2016 47 Number of Products by Stage and Molecule Types, H1 2016 47

AlbireoPharma Ardelyx, Inc. Astellas Pharma Inc. Braintree Laboratories, Inc. CJ HealthCare Corp. Daiichi Sankyo Company, Limited Ironwood Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. NGM Biopharmaceuticals, Inc. RaQualia Pharma Inc. Rhythm Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd. Shire Plc SK Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. Sucampo Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd. Synergy Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Synthetic Biologics, Inc. Yuhan Corporation